High-temperature materials and creep

Which statement about the three stages of a creep curve (strain versus time) measured at constant load and temperature is correct?

  1. AIn transient (primary) creep the strain rate increases with time, reaches its constant maximum value in steady-state (secondary) creep, and then keeps decreasing throughout accelerating (tertiary) creep
  2. BIn transient creep the strain rate gradually decreases, in steady-state creep work hardening and recovery balance so the rate is nearly constant, and in accelerating creep the rate rises until rupture
  3. CIn the steady-state (secondary) stage, work hardening and recovery balance so that dislocation motion stops completely, and from the end of transient creep until accelerating creep begins the strain does not increase at all
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Answer: B. In transient creep the strain rate gradually decreases, in steady-state creep work hardening and recovery balance so the rate is nearly constant, and in accelerating creep the rate rises until rupture

After the instantaneous strain on loading, in transient creep work hardening from multiplying and tangling dislocations outweighs recovery, and the strain rate gradually falls. In steady-state creep, work hardening and recovery by processes such as dislocation climb balance, so the strain rate is at its minimum and nearly constant. This stage occupies most of the life, so design uses the steady-state (minimum) creep rate. In accelerating creep, the nucleation and coalescence of voids on grain boundaries, the loss of cross section by necking and microstructural degradation raise the strain rate until rupture. The description with the rate trends reversed confuses the order of the stages. Steady state means the strain rate is constant, not that the strain stops.

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More High-temperature materials and creep questions

  1. The steady-state creep rate of a heat-resistant alloy follows the power law ε̇ = Aσⁿexp(−Q/RT) with a stress exponent of n = 5. If the stress is raised by 20% at the same temperature, by roughly what factor does the steady-state creep rate increase?
  2. An alloy has a steady-state creep rate that follows ε̇ = Aσⁿexp(−Q/RT) with an activation energy of Q = 300 kJ/mol. If the temperature is raised from 1000 K to 1050 K at the same stress, by roughly what factor does the steady-state creep rate increase? Take R = 8.314 J/(mol·K).
  3. A fine-grained polycrystalline metal was creep tested at a low stress at about 0.5 times its melting point (in absolute temperature). The steady-state creep rate was nearly proportional to stress (stress exponent n ≈ 1) and nearly inversely proportional to the cube of the grain size. Which creep mechanism is most likely to be operating?
  4. Which statement about the deformation mechanism map of Ashby and coworkers (with stress normalized by the shear modulus, σ/G, on the vertical axis and homologous temperature T/Tm on the horizontal axis) is correct? Tm is the melting point in absolute temperature.
  5. At room temperature, refining the grains raises strength (the Hall–Petch relation), but components loaded for long times at high temperature often use coarse grains or single crystals. Which is the correct reason?