材料英語の表現集

文型 {材料} have attracted considerable attention as {用途} because of their {性質}.

例文 Titanium alloys have attracted considerable attention as structural materials for aircraft because of their high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance.

使い分け・注意

研究の流れが今も続いていることを表すので、現在完了(have attracted)がよく合います。attention は不可算なので attentions にしません。「注目されている」を直訳した受動態(are paid attention)は不自然です。

よくある誤り

誤 Titanium alloys are paid attention because of high specific strength.正 Titanium alloys have attracted attention because of their high specific strength.

用語集 チタン合金

文型 {材料} is widely used in {用途} owing to its {性質}.

例文 Austenitic stainless steel is widely used in chemical plants and food-processing equipment owing to its excellent corrosion resistance and formability.

使い分け・注意

owing to と because of のあとは名詞(句)、because のあとは主語と動詞のある節です。物質名・材料の種類を1つの物として述べるときは無冠詞の単数(stainless steel is)で書けます。

よくある誤り

誤 It is widely used because of it has excellent corrosion resistance.正 It is widely used because it has excellent corrosion resistance.

用語集 ステンレス鋼

文型 However, {問題} remains a major obstacle to {目標}.

例文 However, hydrogen embrittlement remains a major obstacle to the wider use of high-strength steels.

使い分け・注意

obstacle to の to は前置詞なので、あとは名詞か動名詞(-ing)です。動詞の原形は続きません。However は文頭に置いてコンマを付けるのが基本です。

よくある誤り

誤 Hydrogen embrittlement is an obstacle to use high-strength steels.正 Hydrogen embrittlement is an obstacle to using high-strength steels.

文型 Little is known about {対象}.

例文 Little is known about the effect of trace Sn additions on the precipitation kinetics of Al–Cu alloys.

使い分け・注意

little(冠詞なし)は「ほとんどない」、a little は「少しはある」で、意味が逆になります。研究の足りない点を述べる決まった言い方です。

よくある誤り

誤 A little is known about the effect of Sn.正 Little is known about the effect of Sn.

用語集 析出硬化

文型 {対象} has not yet been systematically investigated.

例文 The relationship between the cooling rate and the fraction of retained austenite in this steel has not yet been systematically investigated.

使い分け・注意

「これまでに〜していない」は現在完了の否定で表します。until now は「今までは(今は違う)」の意味になりやすいので、to date や so far を使います。主語が長いときは、動詞(has)を主語の中心の名詞(relationship)に合わせます。

よくある誤り

誤 The relationship is not investigated until now.正 The relationship has not been investigated to date.

文型 Previous studies {文献} have shown that {内容}.

例文 Previous studies [3,4] have shown that grain refinement improves both the strength and the toughness of the weld metal.

使い分け・注意

先行研究の結果のうち、今も正しいとされる内容は that 節の中を現在形にできます(improves)。番号の引用 [3,4] の書き方は雑誌の規定に従います。

よくある誤り

誤 Previous studies have shown that grain refinement improve the toughness.正 Previous studies have shown that grain refinement improves the toughness.

用語集 ホール・ペッチの関係

文型 {著者} et al. {文献} reported that {内容}.

例文 Smith et al. [5] reported that the addition of Mo improved the pitting resistance of the steel.

使い分け・注意

et al. は「ほか」の意味のラテン語の略で、al のあとに必ずピリオドを付けます(et のあとには付けません)。名前と番号は例です。特定の論文の結果を述べるときは reported(過去形)が自然です。

よくある誤り

誤 Smith et.al reported that the addition of Mo improved the pitting resistance.正 Smith et al. reported that the addition of Mo improved the pitting resistance.

用語集 孔食

文型 The aim of this study is to clarify {対象}.

例文 The aim of this study is to clarify the effect of tempering temperature on the impact toughness of S45C steel.

使い分け・注意

「明らかにする」は clarify が簡潔です(make clear the … は不自然)。aim のほか purpose、objective も使えます。論文の目的は現在形、終わった研究として This study aimed to … と過去形で書くこともあります。

よくある誤り

誤 In this study, we make clear the effect of tempering temperature.正 In this study, we clarify the effect of tempering temperature.

用語集 焼戻し

文型 In this study, we investigated {対象} using {手法}.

例文 In this study, we investigated the precipitation behavior of an Al–4 wt% Cu alloy aged at 190 °C using transmission electron microscopy and hardness measurements.

使い分け・注意

行った研究は過去形です。主語を we にすると、だれが何をしたかがはっきりします。受動態なら The precipitation behavior … was investigated. と書きます。「it was investigated the …」のような形は英語になりません。

よくある誤り

誤 In this study, it was investigated the precipitation behavior.正 In this study, the precipitation behavior was investigated.

用語集 析出硬化

文型 Particular attention was paid to {対象}.

例文 Particular attention was paid to the formation of grain boundary carbides during slow cooling.

使い分け・注意

pay attention to … の受動態は attention was paid to … です。日本語の「〜に注目した」をそのまま It was paid attention … とはしません。

よくある誤り

誤 It was paid attention to the formation of carbides.正 Particular attention was paid to the formation of carbides.

文型 We hypothesized that {仮説}.

例文 We hypothesized that the addition of Nb would suppress austenite grain growth during carburizing.

使い分け・注意

仮説の中身は「これから起こるはずのこと」なので、過去の文の中では would を使います。

よくある誤り

誤 We hypothesized that Nb will suppress grain growth.正 We hypothesized that Nb would suppress grain growth.

用語集 浸炭

文型 The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.

例文 The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.

使い分け・注意

「次のとおり」は as follows で、主語が複数でも follows のままです。as following とは言いません。

よくある誤り

誤 This paper is organized as following.正 This paper is organized as follows.

文型 {要素} plays an important role in {現象}.

例文 Grain boundary character plays an important role in the intergranular corrosion of austenitic stainless steels.

使い分け・注意

role in のあとは名詞か動名詞です。role for … とはしません。「重要な役割」に冠詞 an を忘れないようにします。

よくある誤り

誤 Grain boundary character plays important role for determining the corrosion rate.正 Grain boundary character plays an important role in determining the corrosion rate.

用語集 鋭敏化

文型 Despite {事柄}, {主節}.

例文 Despite their high strength, martensitic steels often show poor ductility.

使い分け・注意

despite は前置詞なので、あとは名詞です(despite of とはしません)。節を続けるなら although を使います。

よくある誤り

誤 Despite of their high strength, martensitic steels show poor ductility.正 Despite their high strength, martensitic steels show poor ductility.

用語集 マルテンサイト

文型 {現象} has been attributed to {原因}.

例文 The high creep strength of Ni-based superalloys has been attributed to the coherent γ′ precipitates.

使い分け・注意

attribute A to B(A を B のせいにする)の受動態で、前置詞は to です。by にしません。

よくある誤り

誤 The high creep strength is attributed by the γ′ precipitates.正 The high creep strength is attributed to the γ′ precipitates.

用語集 Ni基超合金 クリープ

文型 The material used in this study was {材料} with a chemical composition of {組成}.

例文 The material used in this study was a commercial S45C steel with a chemical composition of Fe–0.45C–0.25Si–0.75Mn (wt%).

使い分け・注意

「用いた材料」は the material used(過去分詞を後ろに置く)で、the used material は不自然です。組成は元素の記号を en dash(–)でつなぎ、質量%か原子%かをかっこで示します。

よくある誤り

誤 The used material was S45C steel.正 The material used was S45C steel.

文型 The alloy was supplied by {供給元} in the form of {形}.

例文 The alloy was supplied by the manufacturer in the form of a 20 mm thick hot-rolled plate.

使い分け・注意

数と単位を形容詞として使うときも、数と単位の間は空白にします(NIST SP 811 の例: a 25 kg sphere)。20-mm-thick とハイフンでつなぐ雑誌もあります。

よくある誤り

誤 The alloy was supplied as a 20mm-thick plate.正 The alloy was supplied as a 20 mm thick plate.

文型 The chemical composition of {材料} is listed in Table {番号}.

例文 The chemical composition of the investigated alloys is listed in Table 1.

使い分け・注意

表の内容は今も表にあるので現在形(is listed / is given)です。Table 1 のように番号の付いた表には the を付けません。

よくある誤り

誤 The chemical composition was listed in the Table 1.正 The chemical composition is listed in Table 1.

文型 {試料} were prepared by {方法}.

例文 Specimens for microstructural observation were prepared by mechanical grinding and polishing followed by etching.

使い分け・注意

by のあとは動名詞や名詞です。順に行った処理は A followed by B(A のあとに B)で1つの文にまとめられます。

よくある誤り

誤 Specimens were prepared by grind and polish.正 Specimens were prepared by grinding and polishing.

文型 {量} was measured using {装置}.

例文 The Vickers hardness was measured using a microhardness tester with a load of 4.9 N.

使い分け・注意

using だけで「〜を用いて」の意味になり、by using は冗長です。装置は a … tester のように一般名で書き、型番やメーカーはかっこで添えます。

よくある誤り

誤 The hardness was measured by using a hardness tester.正 The hardness was measured using a hardness tester.

文型 {試験} were performed at {温度} in {雰囲気}.

例文 All tests were performed at room temperature in laboratory air.

使い分け・注意

at room temperature には冠詞を付けません。温度は at、雰囲気や溶液は in です。

よくある誤り

誤 All tests were performed at the room temperature in the air.正 All tests were performed at room temperature in air.

文型 Each measurement was repeated {回数} times, and the average value is reported.

例文 Each measurement was repeated five times, and the average value is reported.

使い分け・注意

each のあとの名詞と動詞は単数です。10 未満の数は語で書くスタイルが多いですが、雑誌によっては数字です。平均値を「この論文で示している」ので is reported は現在形です。

よくある誤り

誤 Each measurements were repeated 5 times.正 Each measurement was repeated five times.

文型 {試料} were machined in accordance with {規格}.

例文 Tensile specimens were machined in accordance with ASTM E8/E8M.

使い分け・注意

規格には in accordance with や according to を使います(規格には the を付けません)。「結果によると」の according to the results とは別の使い方です。

よくある誤り

誤 Tensile specimens were machined based on the ASTM E8.正 Tensile specimens were machined in accordance with ASTM E8/E8M.

文型 {量} was calculated from {データ} using {方法}.

例文 The dislocation density was calculated from the XRD peak broadening using the modified Williamson–Hall method.

使い分け・注意

calculated from(元のデータ)と using(方法・式)を分けると読みやすくなります。式は Eq. (2) のように番号で示せます。

よくある誤り

誤 The dislocation density was calculated by the XRD peak broadening.正 The dislocation density was calculated from the XRD peak broadening.

用語集 転位

文型 {解析} was performed using {ソフトウェア}.

例文 Image analysis was performed using the open-source software ImageJ.

使い分け・注意

software は不可算名詞で softwares とはしません。数えるときは software packages や programs と言います。

よくある誤り

誤 Several softwares were used for image analysis.正 Several software packages were used for image analysis.

文型 {原料} ({純度}) were used as starting materials.

例文 Pure aluminum and copper (99.99% and 99.9%, respectively) were used as starting materials.

使い分け・注意

respectively は、前に並べた A and B と後ろの値を順に対応させる語で、並びの最後にコンマを付けて置きます。対応させるものが1組しかないときは使いません。文頭に置くのも誤りです。

よくある誤り

誤 Respectively, the purities of Al and Cu were 99.99% and 99.9%.正 The purities of Al and Cu were 99.99% and 99.9%, respectively.

文型 Unless otherwise stated, {内容}.

例文 Unless otherwise stated, all tests were conducted at room temperature.

使い分け・注意

「特に断りのない限り」の決まった言い方です。Unless otherwise noted / specified も使えます。

よくある誤り

誤 If not specially mentioned, all tests were conducted at room temperature.正 Unless otherwise stated, all tests were conducted at room temperature.

文型 {量} increased with increasing {条件}.

例文 The hardness increased with increasing aging time.

使い分け・注意

increase は「増える」の自動詞なので、受動態(was increased)にしません。「〜が増えるにつれて」は with increasing X または with an increase in X です。

よくある誤り

誤 The hardness was increased with the aging time increased.正 The hardness increased with increasing aging time.

用語集 析出硬化

文型 {量} decreased markedly from {値1} to {値2} {条件}.

例文 The elongation decreased markedly from 32% to 12% after cold rolling.

使い分け・注意

significantly は統計的に有意という意味に読まれることがあるので、検定をしていないときは markedly や substantially を使います。% の値どうしの差は「20 percentage points」と書き、20% と書くと比の変化と紛れます。

よくある誤り

誤 The elongation decreased significantly from 32% to 12%, that is, by 20%.正 The elongation decreased markedly from 32% to 12%, that is, by 20 percentage points.

用語集 加工硬化

文型 No appreciable change in {量} was observed {条件}.

例文 No appreciable change in grain size was observed after annealing at 400 °C.

使い分け・注意

no + 名詞 で「〜はなかった」を表すと簡潔です。change in(〜の変化)の前置詞は in です。

よくある誤り

誤 The change of grain size was not almost observed.正 Almost no change in grain size was observed.

用語集 回復

文型 {A} was about {倍数} times higher than that of {B}.

例文 The corrosion rate of the as-welded specimen was about three times higher than that of the base metal.

使い分け・注意

比べるものをそろえるため、than のあとに that of(=the corrosion rate of)を入れます。than the base metal だと「腐食速度」と「母材」を比べたことになります。「3倍」は three times as high as と書くとあいまいさがありません。

よくある誤り

誤 The corrosion rate of the weld was three times higher than the base metal.正 The corrosion rate of the weld was three times higher than that of the base metal.

用語集 局部電池

文型 As expected, {結果}.

例文 As expected, the water-quenched specimen exhibited the highest hardness.

使い分け・注意

最上級(highest)が名詞の前に来るときは the を付けます。

よくある誤り

誤 As expected, water-quenched specimen exhibited highest hardness.正 As expected, the water-quenched specimen exhibited the highest hardness.

用語集 マルテンサイト

文型 In contrast, {試料} consisted of {組織}.

例文 In contrast, the furnace-cooled specimen consisted of ferrite and coarse pearlite.

使い分け・注意

consist of(〜からなる)は能動態で使い、is consisted of とはしません。受動態にしたいときは is composed of です。

よくある誤り

誤 The furnace-cooled specimen was consisted of ferrite and pearlite.正 The furnace-cooled specimen consisted of ferrite and pearlite.

用語集 パーライト

文型 {A} and {B} were {値1} and {値2}, respectively.

例文 The yield strength and the tensile strength were 345 MPa and 610 MPa, respectively.

使い分け・注意

respectively は並べた順に値を対応させます。値の数と並べたものの数がそろっていることを確かめます。

よくある誤り

誤 The yield and tensile strengths were respectively 345 and 610MPa.正 The yield and tensile strengths were 345 MPa and 610 MPa, respectively.

用語集 0.2%耐力

文型 {量} ranged from {下限} to {上限}.

例文 The grain size ranged from 15 µm to 40 µm.

使い分け・注意

range from A to B の形にします。ranged between 15–40 µm のように between や from と – を一緒に使いません(between A and B、from A to B)。

よくある誤り

誤 The grain size ranged between 15–40 µm.正 The grain size ranged from 15 µm to 40 µm.

文型 {量} reached a maximum of {値} after {条件}.

例文 The hardness reached a maximum of 135 HV after aging at 190 °C for 10 h.

使い分け・注意

reach は他動詞なので reach to としません。「最大値に達する」は reach a maximum (of …) です。

よくある誤り

誤 The hardness reached to the maximum value after 10 h.正 The hardness reached a maximum after 10 h.

用語集 析出硬化

文型 A similar tendency was observed for {対象}.

例文 A similar tendency was observed for the specimens tempered at 600 °C.

使い分け・注意

tendency や trend は可算名詞で、a similar tendency のように冠詞を付けます。similar to(〜と似た)の前置詞は to です。

よくある誤り

誤 Similar tendency was observed for the tempered specimens.正 A similar tendency was observed for the tempered specimens.

用語集 焼戻し

文型 No {相} was detected in {データ}.

例文 No secondary phase was detected in the XRD pattern of the as-sintered specimen.

使い分け・注意

「検出されなかった」は No … was detected で簡潔に書けます。検出されないことは「無い」ことと同じではないので、必要なら within the detection limit を添えます。

よくある誤り

誤 Any secondary phase was not detected.正 No secondary phase was detected.

用語集 XRD(X線回折)

文型 {量} was approximately {値}.

例文 The average grain size of the recrystallized specimen was approximately 25 µm.

使い分け・注意

「約」は副詞の approximately、about です。形容詞の approximate を数の前に置きません。~25 µm の「~」は雑誌によっては使えないので、本文では語で書くのが無難です。

よくある誤り

誤 The average grain size was approximate 25 µm.正 The average grain size was approximately 25 µm.

用語集 再結晶

文型 The {結果} are summarized in Table {番号}.

例文 The tensile properties are summarized in Table 2.

使い分け・注意

表にまとめた内容は現在形(are summarized)です。properties(複数)に合わせて動詞も are にします。

よくある誤り

誤 The tensile properties is summarized in Table 2.正 The tensile properties are summarized in Table 2.

文型 {A} was proportional to {B}, indicating {解釈}.

例文 The oxide thickness was proportional to the square root of the exposure time, indicating parabolic growth kinetics.

使い分け・注意

proportional to の前置詞は to です。酸化膜の厚さが時間の平方根に比例すれば放物線則で、膜の中の拡散が速さを決めていると考えられます。

よくある誤り

誤 The oxide thickness was proportional with the square root of time.正 The oxide thickness was proportional to the square root of time.

用語集 酸化の放物線則

文型 This {変化} can be attributed to {原因}.

例文 This increase in hardness can be attributed to the precipitation of fine θ″ particles.

使い分け・注意

attributed to の to は前置詞です。理由の確かさに応じて can be / may be / is mainly を使い分けます。

よくある誤り

誤 This increase is attributed for the precipitation of θ″.正 This increase is attributed to the precipitation of θ″.

用語集 析出硬化

文型 These results suggest that {解釈}.

例文 These results suggest that the softening during tempering is mainly caused by the recovery of the martensite substructure and the coarsening of cementite.

使い分け・注意

確かさの強い順に show / demonstrate > indicate > suggest > imply です。結論が一般的な性質なら that 節は現在形にします。「結果によると」を according to the results と書くのは不自然です。

よくある誤り

誤 According to the results, the softening is caused by recovery.正 These results suggest that the softening is caused by recovery.

用語集 焼戻し 回復

文型 It is likely that {推測}.

例文 It is likely that the residual stress introduced by machining accelerated crack initiation.

使い分け・注意

likely(〜らしい)は形容詞で、It is likely that … か、主語を立てて … is likely to … とします。It is likely to that … とはしません。

よくある誤り

誤 It is likely to the residual stress accelerated crack initiation.正 It is likely that the residual stress accelerated crack initiation.

文型 This result is consistent with {先行研究}.

例文 This result is consistent with previous reports on Al–Cu alloys [8,9].

使い分け・注意

consistent with、in agreement with の前置詞は with です。consistent to とはしません。

よくある誤り

誤 This result is consistent to previous reports.正 This result is consistent with previous reports.

文型 This behavior differs from that reported for {比較}.

例文 This behavior differs from that reported for conventional cast alloys [10].

使い分け・注意

differ from、different from の前置詞は from です(アメリカ英語の話し言葉の different than は論文では避けます)。比べるものをそろえるため that reported(=the behavior reported)とします。

よくある誤り

誤 This behavior is different with conventional alloys.正 This behavior is different from that of conventional alloys.

文型 The reason is that {理由}.

例文 The reason is that the Cr-depleted zones along the grain boundaries are preferentially attacked.

使い分け・注意

The reason is that … とします。The reason is because … は reason と because が重なるので論文では避けます。

よくある誤り

誤 The reason is because the Cr-depleted zones are attacked.正 The reason is that the Cr-depleted zones are attacked.

用語集 鋭敏化

文型 {現象} can be explained by {考え方}.

例文 The increase in yield strength can be explained by the Hall–Petch relationship.

使い分け・注意

説明に使う式・考え方は by です。人名の付いた関係は the Hall–Petch relationship のように the を付け、2人の名前は en dash でつなぎます。

よくある誤り

誤 The increase can be explained with Hall-Petch relationship.正 The increase can be explained by the Hall–Petch relationship.

用語集 ホール・ペッチの関係

文型 In other words, {言いかえ}.

例文 In other words, the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature shifted to a higher temperature.

使い分け・注意

前の文を別の言い方で言い直すときに使います。新しい結果を足すときは In addition、反対のことを述べるときは However を使い、つなぎの語の意味をそろえます。

よくある誤り

誤 In other word, the transition temperature increased.正 In other words, the transition temperature increased.

文型 On the other hand, {対比}.

例文 On the other hand, the specimen tempered at 200 °C retained a high hardness but showed a low impact energy.

使い分け・注意

On the other hand は2つのものを対比するときの言い方で、the を落としません。単に話を足すだけ(日本語の「また」)なら In addition、時間的に同時なら Meanwhile です。

よくある誤り

誤 On other hand, the specimen tempered at 200 °C retained a high hardness.正 On the other hand, the specimen tempered at 200 °C retained a high hardness.

用語集 焼戻し

文型 The discrepancy between {A} and {B} may be due to {原因}.

例文 The discrepancy between the measured and calculated values may be due to the texture of the rolled sheet.

使い分け・注意

be due to は「〜による(原因である)」です。言い切れないので may be を付けています。文頭で Due to … と使うのを避ける書き方の指針もあり、そのときは Because of … にします。

よくある誤り

誤 The discrepancy may be owing to that the sheet has texture.正 The discrepancy may be due to the texture of the sheet.

文型 {A}, whereas {B}.

例文 Ferrite deforms easily at room temperature, whereas cementite is hard and brittle.

使い分け・注意

whereas は2つの節を対比してつなぐ語で、前にコンマを置きます。一般的な性質の対比なので現在形です。

よくある誤り

誤 Ferrite deforms easily. Whereas cementite is hard.正 Ferrite deforms easily, whereas cementite is hard.

用語集 パーライト

文型 It should be noted that {注意}.

例文 It should be noted that the EDS results for carbon are only semi-quantitative.

使い分け・注意

読み手に注意を促す決まった言い方です。多用すると何が大事か分からなくなるので、本当に大事な所に限ります。

よくある誤り

誤 It should be noticed that the EDS results are semi-quantitative.正 It should be noted that the EDS results are semi-quantitative.

用語集 EDS(エネルギー分散型X線分光法)

文型 Further study is needed to {目的}.

例文 Further study is needed to clarify the role of hydrogen trapping at the precipitate interfaces.

使い分け・注意

research は不可算で researches とはしません(動詞の he researches は別)。study は Further studies are needed のように複数にもできます。

よくある誤り

誤 Further researches are needed to clarify the role of hydrogen.正 Further research is needed to clarify the role of hydrogen.

文型 {要素} also contributes to {効果}.

例文 Solid solution strengthening by Mn and Si also contributes to the yield strength of the ferrite.

使い分け・注意

contribute to の前置詞は to です。主語(strengthening)が単数なので contributes になります。

よくある誤り

誤 Solid solution strengthening also contribute for the strength.正 Solid solution strengthening also contributes to the strength.

用語集 固溶強化

文型 We found that {内容}.

例文 We found that the pitting potential increased with increasing Mo content.

使い分け・注意

It is found that … より、We found that … か The pitting potential was found to increase … が簡潔です。受動態は「だれがしたか」より「何が起きたか」を前に出したいときに使い分けます。

よくある誤り

誤 It was found that the pitting potential is increased with Mo content increase.正 We found that the pitting potential increased with increasing Mo content.

用語集 孔食 不動態

文型 The following conclusions can be drawn from {研究}:

例文 The following conclusions can be drawn from this study:

使い分け・注意

「結論を得る」は draw conclusions です。箇条書きの前はコロン(:)にします。following は the following と the を付けます。

よくある誤り

誤 Following conclusions were obtained from this study.正 The following conclusions were drawn from this study.

文型 In summary, {まとめ}.

例文 In summary, a two-step aging treatment improved the strength of the alloy without reducing its elongation.

使い分け・注意

In summary、In conclusion は段落の頭で使います。without + 動名詞(〜せずに)の形は、改善と引き換えの有無を言うのに便利です。

よくある誤り

誤 In summary, a two-step aging treatment improved the strength without reduce the elongation.正 In summary, a two-step aging treatment improved the strength without reducing the elongation.

用語集 析出硬化

文型 Here, we report {内容}.

例文 Here, we report the effect of induction hardening on the rotating bending fatigue strength of S45C steel.

使い分け・注意

要旨の書き出しによく使う言い方です。要旨は何をしたか(過去形)と分かったことの意味(現在形)を短くまとめます。

よくある誤り

誤 In this paper, we report about the effect of induction hardening.正 In this paper, we report the effect of induction hardening.

用語集 疲労限度

文型 The results show that {結果}.

例文 The results show that a fine-grained structure improves both strength and toughness.

使い分け・注意

結論として一般化した内容は that 節を現在形にします。「結果によると」は The results show that … で書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 According to the results, a fine-grained structure improves strength.正 The results show that a fine-grained structure improves strength.

用語集 ホール・ペッチの関係

文型 These findings provide a basis for {用途}.

例文 These findings provide a basis for designing heat treatments of high-strength aluminum alloys.

使い分け・注意

basis for のあとは名詞か動名詞です。研究の意味を述べる文は大げさにならないように書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 These findings provide a basis to design heat treatments.正 These findings provide a basis for designing heat treatments.

文型 Future work will focus on {課題}.

例文 Future work will focus on the long-term thermal stability of the precipitates.

使い分け・注意

focus on の前置詞は on です。これからのことなので will を使います。

よくある誤り

誤 Future work will be focused to the thermal stability.正 Future work will focus on the thermal stability.

文型 A limitation of this study is that {限界}.

例文 A limitation of this study is that all tests were performed in laboratory air.

使い分け・注意

研究の限界をはっきり書くと、結論の範囲が読み手に伝わります。

よくある誤り

誤 The limit of this study is all tests were in air.正 A limitation of this study is that all tests were performed in air.

文型 {手法} was used to {目的}.

例文 Electron backscatter diffraction was used to characterize the grain boundary character distribution.

使い分け・注意

要旨では手法を主語にした受動態がよく使われます。to + 動詞の原形で目的を表します。

よくある誤り

誤 Electron backscatter diffraction was used for characterize the boundaries.正 Electron backscatter diffraction was used to characterize the boundaries.

文型 Button ingots were prepared by arc melting under {雰囲気} and remelted {回数} times to ensure chemical homogeneity.

例文 Button ingots were prepared by arc melting under an argon atmosphere and remelted five times to ensure chemical homogeneity.

使い分け・注意

アーク溶解の小さな鋳塊は button ingot と言います。「均質にするため」は to ensure (chemical) homogeneity です。裏返して溶かし直したことを書くなら flipped and remelted です。

よくある誤り

誤 Ingots were arc melted in Ar gas atmosphere and re-melted 5 times for homogenize.正 Ingots were arc-melted under an argon atmosphere and remelted five times to ensure homogeneity.

文型 Ingots with a nominal composition of {組成} were prepared by vacuum induction melting.

例文 Ingots with a nominal composition of Fe–20Mn–3Al–3Si (wt%) were prepared by vacuum induction melting.

使い分け・注意

狙いの組成は nominal composition です。分析した組成は measured (analyzed) composition と書き分けます。

よくある誤り

誤 Ingots with an aimed composition of Fe-20%Mn-3%Al-3%Si were melted.正 Ingots with a nominal composition of Fe–20Mn–3Al–3Si (wt%) were melted.

文型 The melt was poured at {温度} into {型}.

例文 The melt was poured at 720 °C into a preheated steel mold.

使い分け・注意

溶けた金属は melt、「鋳込む」は pour into / cast into です。cast の過去形・過去分詞は cast で、casted とはしません。mold はアメリカ式、mould はイギリス式のつづりで、論文の中ではどちらかにそろえます。 温度を文の最後に置く(poured into a preheated steel mold at 720 °C)と、型の温度に読めることがあるので、注ぐ温度は動詞のすぐあとに置きます。

よくある誤り

誤 The molten metal was casted into a steel mold.正 The molten metal was cast into a steel mold.

用語集 引け巣

文型 The ingots were homogenized at {温度} for {時間} in {雰囲気}.

例文 The ingots were homogenized at 1200 °C for 10 h in a vacuum furnace.

使い分け・注意

温度は at、時間は for です。前置詞を取り違えた for 1200 °C at 10 h はよくある誤りです。

よくある誤り

誤 The ingots were homogenized for 1200 °C at 10 h.正 The ingots were homogenized at 1200 °C for 10 h.

文型 The homogenized ingot was hot-rolled at {温度} to a final thickness of {厚さ}.

例文 The homogenized ingot was hot-rolled at 1100 °C to a final thickness of 4 mm.

使い分け・注意

to a thickness of は「〜の厚さまで」、by は減らした量です。名詞の前(hot-rolled plate)ではハイフンでつなぎます。動詞のとき(was hot-rolled / was hot rolled)はどちらも見られるので、論文の中でそろえます。

よくある誤り

誤 The ingot was hot rolled until 4 mm thickness.正 The ingot was hot-rolled to a thickness of 4 mm.

文型 The annealed sheet was cold-rolled to a {圧下率} reduction in thickness.

例文 The annealed sheet was cold-rolled to a 50% reduction in thickness.

使い分け・注意

圧下率は reduction in thickness(または thickness reduction)です。「50% 冷間圧延材」は 50% cold-rolled sheet と書けます。

よくある誤り

誤 The sheet was cold-rolled with the rolling reduction ratio of 50%.正 The sheet was cold-rolled to a 50% reduction in thickness.

用語集 加工硬化

文型 The cold-rolled sheets were annealed at {温度} for {時間} to obtain {組織}.

例文 The cold-rolled sheets were annealed at 600 °C for 1 h to obtain a fully recrystallized structure.

使い分け・注意

「〜℃で〜時間」は at … for … で、in や during は使いません。annealing はアメリカ英語でもイギリス英語でも同じつづりです。

よくある誤り

誤 The sheets were annealed in 600 °C during 1 h.正 The sheets were annealed at 600 °C for 1 h.

用語集 再結晶

文型 After annealing, the specimens were {冷却} to room temperature.

例文 After annealing, the specimens were furnace-cooled to room temperature.

使い分け・注意

炉冷 furnace-cooled、空冷 air-cooled、水冷 water-cooled、水焼入れ water-quenched、油焼入れ oil-quenched。名詞の前(furnace-cooled specimens)ではハイフンでつなぎ(動詞のときはつながない書き方も多く見られます)、略語(FC、AC、WQ)は初出で定義します。「室温まで」は to room temperature(until は使いません)。

よくある誤り

誤 The specimens were furnace cooled until the room temperature.正 The specimens were furnace-cooled to room temperature.

文型 The {試料} were austenitized at {温度} for {時間} and then quenched in water.

例文 The S45C specimens were austenitized at 850 °C for 30 min and then quenched in water.

使い分け・注意

austenitize(オーステナイト化する)は動詞として使えます。「水焼入れ」は quenched in water / water-quenched です。quenched into water と書く人もいます。

よくある誤り

誤 The specimens were quenched by water after keeping at 850 °C.正 The specimens were water-quenched after holding at 850 °C.

用語集 マルテンサイト 焼入れ性

文型 The quenched specimens were tempered at {温度} for {時間}, followed by {冷却}.

例文 The quenched specimens were tempered at 600 °C for 1 h, followed by water cooling.

使い分け・注意

temper(焼戻す)、tempering(焼戻し)。焼入れ・焼戻しをまとめた「調質」は quenching and tempering(Q&T)です。

よくある誤り

誤 The specimens were tempered under 600 °C for 1 hour time.正 The specimens were tempered at 600 °C for 1 h.

用語集 焼戻し

文型 The {合金} was solution-treated at {温度} for {時間} and quenched in water at room temperature.

例文 The Al–4 wt% Cu alloy was solution-treated at 540 °C for 1 h and quenched in water at room temperature.

使い分け・注意

溶体化処理は solution treatment、動詞は solution-treat です。Al–Cu 合金は共晶温度(548 ℃)より低い温度で溶体化します。

よくある誤り

誤 The alloy was solutionized treated at 540 °C.正 The alloy was solution-treated at 540 °C.

用語集 析出硬化

文型 The solution-treated specimens were aged at {温度} for {時間} in {熱媒}.

例文 The solution-treated specimens were aged at 190 °C for 0.5–100 h in an oil bath.

使い分け・注意

age は「時効させる」の他動詞としても使います。aging(アメリカ式)と ageing(イギリス式)はどちらかにそろえます。室温での時効は natural aging、加熱しての時効は artificial aging です。

よくある誤り

誤 The specimens were aged in 190 °C.正 The specimens were aged at 190 °C.

用語集 析出硬化

文型 The peak-aged condition was obtained by aging at {温度} for {時間}.

例文 The peak-aged condition was obtained by aging at 190 °C for 10 h.

使い分け・注意

時効の状態は under-aged(亜時効)、peak-aged(ピーク時効)、over-aged(過時効)と言います。名詞の前ではハイフンでつなぎます。

よくある誤り

誤 The peak aging state was got by aging at 190 °C.正 The peak-aged condition was obtained by aging at 190 °C.

用語集 析出硬化 オストワルド成長

文型 The as-received {材料} was normalized at {温度} for {時間} and air-cooled.

例文 The as-received S45C bar was normalized at 860 °C for 1 h and air-cooled.

使い分け・注意

焼ならしは normalizing です。「受け入れたままの」は as-received、鋳造のままは as-cast、焼入れのままは as-quenched です。

よくある誤り

誤 The S45C bar was normalizing at 860 °C.正 The S45C bar was normalized at 860 °C.

用語集 パーライト

文型 The specimens were heated to {温度} at a rate of {速度}.

例文 The specimens were heated to 1050 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min.

使い分け・注意

到達する温度は to、速さは at a rate of です。単位は °C/min と °C min⁻¹ のどちらかに論文全体でそろえます。

よくある誤り

誤 The specimens were heated up 1050 °C with the rate of 10 °C/min.正 The specimens were heated to 1050 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min.

文型 Heat treatment was carried out in {雰囲気} to prevent {問題}.

例文 Heat treatment was carried out in a flowing argon atmosphere to prevent oxidation and decarburization.

使い分け・注意

雰囲気は in です。「〜を防ぐため」は to prevent … で、for preventing … より自然です。

よくある誤り

誤 Heat treatment was carried out under Ar for preventing oxidation.正 Heat treatment was carried out in argon to prevent oxidation.

文型 The specimens were sealed in {容器} before {処理}.

例文 The specimens were sealed in evacuated quartz tubes before the solution treatment.

使い分け・注意

「真空封入」は sealed in evacuated quartz (silica) tubes / encapsulated in です。

よくある誤り

誤 The specimens were vacuum-sealed into the quartz tube.正 The specimens were sealed in evacuated quartz tubes.

文型 {試験片} were machined from {素材} with their longitudinal axis parallel to {方向}.

例文 Tensile specimens were machined from the rolled plate with their longitudinal axis parallel to the rolling direction.

使い分け・注意

圧延方向 rolling direction(RD)、板幅方向 transverse direction(TD)、板厚方向 normal direction(ND)。略語は初出で定義します。

よくある誤り

誤 Tensile specimens were cut from the plate to the rolling direction.正 Tensile specimens were cut from the plate parallel to the rolling direction.

文型 The {粉末} powder compacts were sintered at {温度} for {時間} in air.

例文 The alumina powder compacts were sintered at 1600 °C for 2 h in air.

使い分け・注意

成形体は green compact / powder compact、焼結体は sintered body です。到達した密度は relative density(相対密度)で示すのが普通です。

よくある誤り

誤 The alumina green bodies were sintered with 1600 °C for 2 h.正 The alumina green bodies were sintered at 1600 °C for 2 h.

用語集 焼結

文型 The powders were mixed by planetary ball milling at {回転数} for {時間} in {溶媒}.

例文 The powders were mixed by planetary ball milling at 300 rpm for 4 h in ethanol.

使い分け・注意

回転数の rpm は SI の単位ではありませんが、広く使われます(r/min と書く雑誌もあります)。

よくある誤り

誤 The powders were ball milled with 300rpm.正 The powders were ball-milled at 300 rpm.

用語集 ボトムアップ法

文型 Bead-on-plate welds were made by {方法} with a heat input of {入熱}.

例文 Bead-on-plate welds were made by gas tungsten arc welding with a heat input of 1.2 kJ/mm.

使い分け・注意

溶接の方法は by、入熱は with a heat input of です。TIG 溶接は gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW)と書くことが多くなっています。

よくある誤り

誤 Bead on plate welding was done by TIG with heat input 1.2kJ/mm.正 Bead-on-plate welding was performed by GTAW with a heat input of 1.2 kJ/mm.

用語集 溶接熱影響部 炭素当量

文型 The {鋼} specimens were gas-carburized at {温度} for {時間}, quenched in oil, and tempered at {焼戻し温度}.

例文 The SCM415 specimens were gas-carburized at 930 °C for 4 h, quenched in oil, and tempered at 180 °C.

使い分け・注意

3つ以上を並べるときは、最後の and の前にもコンマ(シリアルコンマ)を置くスタイルが科学論文では多数です(置かない雑誌もあります)。

よくある誤り

誤 The specimens were carburized at 930 °C, quenched in oil and then tempered 180 °C.正 The specimens were carburized at 930 °C, quenched in oil, and tempered at 180 °C.

用語集 浸炭 焼戻し

文型 The as-received material was {状態}.

例文 The as-received material was a 12 mm thick hot-rolled plate of SUS304 stainless steel.

使い分け・注意

as-received、as-cast、as-quenched、as-sintered など、処理したままの状態は as- をハイフンでつなぎます。

よくある誤り

誤 The as received material was 12mm thick plate.正 The as-received material was a 12 mm thick plate.

用語集 ステンレス鋼

文型 The specimens were ground with SiC papers up to {番手} and polished with {研磨剤}.

例文 The specimens were ground with SiC papers up to #2000 and polished with 1 µm diamond paste.

使い分け・注意

grind の過去分詞は ground です。番手の書き方(#2000、P2000、2000 grit)は統一します。エメリー紙は SiC paper と書くのが一般的です。

よくある誤り

誤 The specimens were grinded by emery papers.正 The specimens were ground with SiC papers.

文型 The polished surfaces were etched with {腐食液} for {時間}.

例文 The polished surfaces were etched with 3% nital for 10 s.

使い分け・注意

ナイタールは硝酸のエタノール溶液で、鋼のフェライト粒界やパーライトを出します。腐食液の組成(3 mL HNO₃ + 97 mL ethanol など)を書くと再現できます。

よくある誤り

誤 The surfaces were corroded by 3% nital.正 The surfaces were etched with 3% nital.

用語集 パーライト

文型 {腐食液} was used to reveal {組織}.

例文 Keller's reagent was used to reveal the grain structure of the aluminum alloy.

使い分け・注意

組織を「出す」は reveal です。人名の付いた腐食液(Keller’s reagent、Kroll’s reagent)は所有格で書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 Keller reagent was used to appear the grain structure.正 Keller's reagent was used to reveal the grain structure.

文型 The microstructure was observed using {装置1} and {装置2}.

例文 The microstructure was observed using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

使い分け・注意

冠詞は読みの音で決めます。scanning は子音で始まるので a、略語 SEM は「エス」と母音で始まるので an SEM です。略語は初出で正式名を書いてかっこで示します。

よくある誤り

誤 The microstructure was observed using a SEM.正 The microstructure was observed using an SEM.

用語集 SEM(走査電子顕微鏡)

文型 The microstructure of {試料} consisted of {組織}.

例文 The microstructure of the normalized specimen consisted of proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite.

使い分け・注意

consist of は能動態で使います。「初析フェライト」は proeutectoid ferrite です。

よくある誤り

誤 The microstructure was consisted of ferrite and pearlite.正 The microstructure consisted of ferrite and pearlite.

用語集 パーライト 共析反応

文型 The {試料} showed a fully martensitic structure, and no {相} was detected by XRD.

例文 The water-quenched specimen showed a fully martensitic structure, and no retained austenite was detected by XRD.

使い分け・注意

「全面マルテンサイト」は fully martensitic です。「残留オーステナイト」は retained austenite で、residual austenite とも書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 The specimen showed full martensite structure.正 The specimen showed a fully martensitic structure.

用語集 マルテンサイト

文型 The average grain size was measured by {方法} in accordance with {規格}.

例文 The average grain size was measured by the linear intercept method in accordance with ASTM E112.

使い分け・注意

切断法は linear intercept method、求積法は planimetric method です。双晶境界を数えたかどうかも書いておくと値を比べられます。

よくある誤り

誤 The grain size was measured by the intercept method based on ASTM E112.正 The grain size was measured by the intercept method in accordance with ASTM E112.

用語集 ホール・ペッチの関係

文型 The average grain size decreased from {値1} to {値2} with the addition of {添加}.

例文 The average grain size decreased from 45 µm to 12 µm with the addition of 0.05 wt% Ti.

使い分け・注意

「〜の添加で」は with the addition of です。µm の µ は u で代用しません。

よくある誤り

誤 The grain size decreased from 45um to 12um by adding Ti of 0.05 wt%.正 The grain size decreased from 45 µm to 12 µm with the addition of 0.05 wt% Ti.

用語集 ホール・ペッチの関係

文型 The grains were elongated along {方向} after {処理}.

例文 The grains were elongated along the rolling direction after cold rolling.

使い分け・注意

「〜方向に伸びた」は elongated along / in the … direction です。

よくある誤り

誤 The grains were elongated to the rolling direction.正 The grains were elongated along the rolling direction.

用語集 加工硬化

文型 Fine precipitates were uniformly distributed {場所1}, whereas coarse particles were observed {場所2}.

例文 Fine precipitates were uniformly distributed within the grains, whereas coarse particles were observed along the grain boundaries.

使い分け・注意

粒内 within the grains、粒界に沿って along the grain boundaries、粒界の上 at the grain boundaries と使い分けます。

よくある誤り

誤 Fine precipitates were distributed in grain and coarse ones on grain boundary.正 Fine precipitates were distributed within the grains, and coarse ones at the grain boundaries.

用語集 析出硬化

文型 A precipitate-free zone (PFZ) approximately {幅} wide was observed along {場所}.

例文 A precipitate-free zone (PFZ) approximately 50 nm wide was observed along the grain boundaries.

使い分け・注意

「幅〜の」は数と単位のあとに wide を置きます(50 nm wide)。略語 PFZ は初出で定義します。

よくある誤り

誤 PFZ with 50nm width was observed.正 A PFZ approximately 50 nm wide was observed.

用語集 析出硬化 空孔

文型 EBSD measurements were performed at an accelerating voltage of {電圧} with a step size of {ステップ}.

例文 EBSD measurements were performed at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV with a step size of 0.5 µm.

使い分け・注意

略語 EBSD(electron backscatter diffraction)は「イー」と母音で読むので an EBSD map です。

よくある誤り

誤 A EBSD map was measured with step size 0.5 µm.正 An EBSD map was acquired with a step size of 0.5 µm.

用語集 ミラー指数

文型 Boundaries with misorientation angles greater than {角度} were defined as {境界}.

例文 Boundaries with misorientation angles greater than 15° were defined as high-angle grain boundaries.

使い分け・注意

角度の °(平面角)は数との間に空白を入れません(15°)。温度の °C には空白を入れるのと違います(SI 文書)。小角粒界は low-angle grain boundaries です。

よくある誤り

誤 Boundaries with misorientation over 15 ° were defined as large angle grain boundaries.正 Boundaries with misorientations above 15° were defined as high-angle grain boundaries.

用語集 転位

文型 Thin foils for TEM observation were prepared by {方法}.

例文 Thin foils for TEM observation were prepared by twin-jet electropolishing in a solution of 30% nitric acid in methanol at −30 °C.

使い分け・注意

負の温度には、ハイフンではなくマイナス記号(−、U+2212)を使うのが正式です。電解研磨の液の組成と温度を書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 Thin foils were prepared by twin-jet electro polishing at -30°C.正 Thin foils were prepared by twin-jet electropolishing at −30 °C.

文型 TEM observations were carried out using a microscope operated at {電圧}.

例文 TEM observations were carried out using a microscope operated at 200 kV.

使い分け・注意

加速電圧は operated at … kV と書きます。kV の k は小文字です。

よくある誤り

誤 TEM observation was carried out at 200KV.正 TEM observation was carried out at 200 kV.

文型 Backscattered electron (BSE) images showed bright particles enriched in {元素} along {場所}.

例文 Backscattered electron (BSE) images showed bright particles enriched in Mo along the grain boundaries.

使い分け・注意

反射電子像では原子番号の大きい元素を多く含む所が明るく見えます。「〜に富む」は enriched in / rich in です。

よくある誤り

誤 BSE images showed bright particles which are rich of Mo.正 BSE images showed bright particles rich in Mo.

用語集 SEM(走査電子顕微鏡)

文型 The volume fraction of {相} was estimated by image analysis of {枚数} SEM micrographs.

例文 The volume fraction of pearlite was estimated by image analysis of five SEM micrographs.

使い分け・注意

断面で測るのは面積率ですが、試料の中で組織が一様で、断面を偏りなく選べば、面積率の平均は体積率に等しい(デレッセの原理)ので、体積率として報告できます。顕微鏡の写真は micrograph です。

よくある誤り

誤 The volume ratio of pearlite was estimated from 5 SEM photos.正 The volume fraction of pearlite was estimated from five SEM micrographs.

用語集 パーライト

文型 Annealing twins were frequently observed in {場所}.

例文 Annealing twins were frequently observed in the recrystallized austenite grains.

使い分け・注意

焼なまし双晶 annealing twins は、積層欠陥エネルギーが低めの FCC 金属(オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼、銅、黄銅など)でよく見られます。twin は可算名詞です。

よくある誤り

誤 Many annealing twin was observed.正 Many annealing twins were observed.

用語集 再結晶 面心立方格子

文型 XRD patterns were obtained using Cu Kα radiation (λ = {波長}) over a 2θ range of {範囲}.

例文 XRD patterns were obtained using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm) over a 2θ range of 20° to 100°.

使い分け・注意

Kα は α を本文の高さで書く形(Cu Kα)が多いですが、下付きにする雑誌もあるので、論文の中でそろえます。平面角の ° は数と離しません。

よくある誤り

誤 XRD was measured by CuKa with 2θ = 20 ~ 100 °.正 XRD patterns were obtained using Cu Kα radiation over a 2θ range of 20° to 100°.

用語集 XRD(X線回折) ブラッグの法則

文型 Data were collected with a step size of {ステップ} and a counting time of {時間} per step.

例文 Data were collected with a step size of 0.02° and a counting time of 1 s per step.

使い分け・注意

data は datum の複数形として扱う雑誌が多く、Data were … とします(単数扱いも増えていますが、論文では複数が無難です)。datas とはしません。

よくある誤り

誤 The datas were collected with 0.02° step.正 The data were collected with a step size of 0.02°.

用語集 XRD(X線回折)

文型 All diffraction peaks were identified as those of {相}.

例文 All diffraction peaks were identified as those of α-Fe (bcc).

使い分け・注意

「〜と同定された」は identified as です。those of(=the peaks of)で比べる物をそろえます。指数付けは indexed as / to です。

よくある誤り

誤 All peaks were identified to α-Fe.正 All peaks were identified as those of α-Fe.

用語集 XRD(X線回折) 体心立方格子

文型 A strong peak was observed at 2θ = {角度}, corresponding to the {面} reflection of {相}.

例文 A strong peak was observed at 2θ = 44.7°, corresponding to the (110) reflection of α-Fe.

使い分け・注意

Cu Kα 線(0.15406 nm)で α-Fe(a = 0.28665 nm)の (110) は 2θ ≈ 44.67° です。面の指数は丸かっこ、方向は角かっこで書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 A strong peak was observed at 44.7 degree corresponding to α-Fe [110] plane.正 A strong peak was observed at 2θ = 44.7°, corresponding to the (110) reflection of α-Fe.

用語集 ブラッグの法則 ミラー指数

文型 The {ピーク} peak shifted to a higher angle with increasing {条件}, indicating {解釈}.

例文 The Al (111) peak shifted to a higher angle with increasing Cu content in solid solution, indicating a decrease in the lattice parameter.

使い分け・注意

Al より小さな Cu 原子が固溶すると格子定数が小さくなり、面間隔 d が小さくなるので、ブラッグの式から 2θ は大きく(高角側)なります。「高角側に」は to a higher angle / toward higher angles です。

よくある誤り

誤 The peak shifted to high angle side with Cu increase.正 The peak shifted to a higher angle with increasing Cu content.

用語集 ブラッグの法則 固溶強化

文型 The lattice parameter of {試料} was determined to be {値}, in good agreement with the reference value of {文献値}.

例文 The lattice parameter of the annealed pure Al specimen was determined to be 0.4049 nm, in good agreement with the reference value of 0.40496 nm.

使い分け・注意

「〜と求められた」は was determined to be です。値の桁は測定の精度に合わせます(文献値より細かく書かない)。

よくある誤り

誤 The lattice constant was decided as 0.4049 nm.正 The lattice parameter was determined to be 0.4049 nm.

用語集 面心立方格子 ブラッグの法則

文型 Pronounced peak broadening was observed after {処理}, which is attributed to {原因}.

例文 Pronounced peak broadening was observed after cold rolling, which is attributed to the increased dislocation density and the reduced crystallite size.

使い分け・注意

ピークの広がりには、結晶子が小さいことによる広がりと、不均一なひずみ(転位など)による広がりがあり、Williamson–Hall の方法などで分けます。

よくある誤り

誤 The peak width became broad after the cold rolling.正 The peaks became broader after cold rolling.

用語集 シェラーの式 転位

文型 The crystallite size was estimated to be about {値} using the Scherrer equation with K = {定数}.

例文 The crystallite size was estimated to be about 20 nm using the Scherrer equation with K = 0.9.

使い分け・注意

結晶子径(crystallite size)は、SEM や EBSD で見る結晶粒径(grain size)と同じではありません。装置による広がりを差し引いたかどうかも書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 The grain size calculated by Scherrer formula was 20nm.正 The crystallite size estimated by the Scherrer equation was 20 nm.

用語集 シェラーの式

文型 {量} was evaluated from the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of {ピーク}.

例文 The microstrain was evaluated from the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the (211) peak.

使い分け・注意

半値幅は full width at half maximum(FWHM)です。積分幅(integral breadth)とは別の量です。

よくある誤り

誤 The microstrain was evaluated from the half width of the peak.正 The microstrain was evaluated from the FWHM of the peak.

文型 The volume fraction of retained austenite was determined from the integrated intensities of {ピーク}.

例文 The volume fraction of retained austenite was determined from the integrated intensities of the (200)α, (211)α, (200)γ, and (220)γ peaks.

使い分け・注意

α と γ の複数のピークの積分強度を比べる方法(ASTM E975 など)です。集合組織があると誤差が大きくなります。

よくある誤り

誤 The retained austenite amount was determined by the peak height.正 The volume fraction of retained austenite was determined from the integrated intensities.

用語集 マルテンサイト XRD(X線回折)

文型 EDS mapping revealed that {元素} were enriched in {相}.

例文 EDS mapping revealed that Cr and Mo were enriched in the σ phase.

使い分け・注意

「濃化する」は be enriched in / be concentrated in です。σ 相は Cr と Mo に富む金属間化合物です。

よくある誤り

誤 EDS mapping revealed that Cr and Mo were concentrated to the σ phase.正 EDS mapping revealed that Cr and Mo were concentrated in the σ phase.

用語集 EDS(エネルギー分散型X線分光法)

文型 EDS point analysis showed that the particles contained about {量} Cu, which corresponds to {相}.

例文 EDS point analysis showed that the particles contained about 33 at% Cu, which corresponds to θ-Al₂Cu.

使い分け・注意

Al₂Cu の Cu は 33.3 at%(約 54 wt%)です。at% と wt% を必ず区別します。細かい粒子では母相からの X 線も拾うので、組成は目安になります。

よくある誤り

誤 EDS showed that the particle contains 33% of Cu, which is Al2Cu.正 EDS showed that the particles contained about 33 at% Cu, which corresponds to Al₂Cu.

用語集 EDS(エネルギー分散型X線分光法) 析出硬化

文型 No secondary phases were detected, although phases with volume fractions below {値} may not be detectable by {手法}.

例文 No secondary phases were detected, although phases with volume fractions below a few percent may not be detectable by laboratory XRD.

使い分け・注意

検出限界を書いておくと、「無かった」と言い過ぎずに済みます。

よくある誤り

誤 There was no secondary phase in the sample because XRD did not detect it.正 No secondary phase was detected by XRD.

用語集 XRD(X線回折)

文型 The sheet annealed at {温度} exhibited a strong {集合組織} texture.

例文 The sheet annealed at 700 °C exhibited a strong γ-fiber (<111>//ND) texture.

使い分け・注意

集合組織は texture です。γ ファイバー(板面に平行な {111} 面)は、焼なましたフェライト鋼板に典型的な集合組織です。

よくある誤り

誤 The sheet had strong texture of γ-fiber.正 The sheet had a strong γ-fiber texture.

用語集 再結晶

文型 XPS spectra indicated that the passive film formed on {材料} was enriched in {酸化物}.

例文 XPS spectra indicated that the passive film formed on the stainless steel was enriched in Cr₂O₃.

使い分け・注意

XPS(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy)は表面数 nm の化学状態を調べる方法です。皮膜の上に「できる」は formed on です。

よくある誤り

誤 XPS spectra indicated the passive film on the stainless steel was rich of Cr2O3.正 XPS spectra indicated that the passive film was rich in Cr₂O₃.

用語集 XPS(X線光電子分光法) 不動態

文型 Tensile tests were conducted at {温度} at an initial strain rate of {ひずみ速度}.

例文 Tensile tests were conducted at room temperature at an initial strain rate of 1.0 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹.

使い分け・注意

ひずみ速度の単位は s⁻¹ です(1/s とも書けます)。10 のべきは × と上付きで書き、1.0E-3 や 1.0x10-3 とはしません。クロスヘッドの速さ(mm/min)で書くときは、どちらの量かを明記します。

よくある誤り

誤 Tensile tests were conducted with the strain rate of 1.0x10-3 /s.正 Tensile tests were conducted at a strain rate of 1.0 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹.

文型 Dog-bone specimens with a gauge length of {標点距離} and a width of {幅} were used.

例文 Dog-bone specimens with a gauge length of 25 mm and a width of 6 mm were used.

使い分け・注意

gauge(イギリス式)と gage(アメリカ式)のつづりがあります。ASTM E8/E8M は古い版(E8/E8M-09 など)が gage、現行の E8/E8M-24 は gauge です。どちらかにそろえます。

よくある誤り

誤 Dumbbell specimens of gauge length 25mm were used.正 Dog-bone specimens with a gauge length of 25 mm were used.

文型 The 0.2% offset yield strength was determined from {曲線}.

例文 The 0.2% offset yield strength was determined from the engineering stress–strain curve.

使い分け・注意

0.2% offset yield strength(ASTM E8/E8M など)と 0.2% proof strength(ISO 6892-1 の Rp0.2。イギリス式では proof stress とも)は同じ量です。公称は engineering、真は true です。stress–strain の – は en dash です。

よくある誤り

誤 The 0.2% proof strength was decided from the nominal stress-strain curve.正 The 0.2% offset yield strength was determined from the engineering stress–strain curve.

用語集 0.2%耐力

文型 The {試料} specimen exhibited a yield strength of {降伏強さ} and an elongation of {伸び}.

例文 The A6061-T6 specimen exhibited a yield strength of 276 MPa and an elongation of 12%.

使い分け・注意

材料の性質としての値は yield strength と書くことが多くなっています(yield stress も広く使われ、誤りではありません)。伸びには an elongation of、破断伸びは elongation to failure / at fracture です。

よくある誤り

誤 The yield strength of the specimen was 276MPa and elongation 12%.正 The yield strength of the specimen was 276 MPa, and the elongation was 12%.

用語集 0.2%耐力

文型 The {材料} showed a high work-hardening rate up to a true strain of {ひずみ}.

例文 The austenitic stainless steel showed a high work-hardening rate up to a true strain of 0.4.

使い分け・注意

加工硬化は work hardening / strain hardening です。ひずみは無次元なので単位を付けません(0.4、または 40%)。

よくある誤り

誤 The steel showed high work hardening until true strain 0.4.正 The steel showed a high work-hardening rate up to a true strain of 0.4.

用語集 加工硬化

文型 Necking occurred at an engineering strain of about {ひずみ}, after which the load decreased until fracture.

例文 Necking occurred at an engineering strain of about 0.18, after which the load decreased until fracture.

使い分け・注意

くびれは necking です。「その後」を , after which … でつなぐと、2つの文に分けずに書けます。

よくある誤り

誤 Necking was occurred at strain of 0.18.正 Necking occurred at a strain of 0.18.

文型 Vickers hardness was measured under a load of {荷重} with a dwell time of {時間}.

例文 Vickers hardness was measured under a load of 4.9 N (HV 0.5) with a dwell time of 15 s.

使い分け・注意

荷重は N で書き、試験力の記号(HV 0.5 など)を添えます。kgf だけで書くと SI に合いません。保持時間は dwell time / holding time です。

よくある誤り

誤 Vickers hardness was measured with 500gf load for 15sec.正 Vickers hardness was measured under a load of 4.9 N for 15 s.

文型 The hardness of the as-quenched {鋼} specimen was {硬さ}.

例文 The hardness of the as-quenched S45C specimen was 640 HV 10.

使い分け・注意

ISO 6507 の書き方は「数値・HV・試験力」の順(640 HV 10)です。Hv や HV640 と書く例も見かけますが、規格の書き方にそろえます。硬さは単位ではなく記号です。

よくある誤り

誤 The hardness of the as-quenched specimen was Hv640.正 The hardness of the as-quenched specimen was 640 HV 10.

用語集 マルテンサイト

文型 A hardness profile was measured from the surface to the core at intervals of {間隔}.

例文 A hardness profile was measured from the surface to the core at intervals of 0.1 mm.

使い分け・注意

「〜間隔で」は at intervals of … です。有効硬化層深さは effective case depth です。

よくある誤り

誤 Hardness distribution was measured from surface to core with the interval of 0.1 mm.正 The hardness profile was measured from the surface to the core at intervals of 0.1 mm.

用語集 浸炭

文型 Charpy impact tests were performed on {試験片} at temperatures from {下限} to {上限}.

例文 Charpy impact tests were performed on standard V-notch specimens at temperatures from −100 °C to 20 °C.

使い分け・注意

範囲は from A to B で、両方に単位を付けます(NIST SP 811)。負の温度はマイナス記号(−)で書きます。吸収エネルギーは absorbed energy です。

よくある誤り

誤 Charpy tests were performed from -100 to 20°C.正 Charpy tests were performed at temperatures from −100 °C to 20 °C.

文型 The ductile-to-brittle transition temperature was defined as the temperature at which the absorbed energy was {値}.

例文 The ductile-to-brittle transition temperature was defined as the temperature at which the absorbed energy was 27 J.

使い分け・注意

遷移温度の決め方(27 J の温度、上部棚の半分の温度、破面率 50% の温度など)は複数あるので、定義を必ず書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 DBTT was defined as temperature where absorbed energy is 27J.正 The DBTT was defined as the temperature at which the absorbed energy was 27 J.

用語集 破壊前降伏

文型 Axial fatigue tests were carried out under load control at a stress ratio of {応力比} and a frequency of {周波数}.

例文 Axial fatigue tests were carried out under load control at a stress ratio of R = 0.1 and a frequency of 10 Hz.

使い分け・注意

応力比 R は最小応力 ÷ 最大応力です(両振りは R = −1)。周波数 Hz は数と離して書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 Fatigue tests were carried out with R=0.1 and 10Hz.正 Fatigue tests were carried out at R = 0.1 and 10 Hz.

用語集 修正グッドマン線図

文型 Tests were terminated at {回数} cycles if no failure occurred (run-out).

例文 Tests were terminated at 10⁷ cycles if no failure occurred (run-out).

使い分け・注意

「打ち切り」は run-out です。10⁷ は上付きで書きます(10^7 や 1E7 とはしません)。

よくある誤り

誤 Tests were stopped at 10^7 cycles when not broken.正 Tests were stopped at 10⁷ cycles if no failure occurred.

用語集 疲労限度

文型 The fatigue limit of the {試料} was estimated to be {値}.

例文 The fatigue limit of the induction-hardened specimens was estimated to be 520 MPa.

使い分け・注意

はっきりした疲労限度のない材料では、決めた繰返し数での疲労強さ(fatigue strength at 10⁷ cycles)として書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 The fatigue limit was estimated as about 520 MPa at 10^7 cycles.正 The fatigue strength at 10⁷ cycles was estimated to be about 520 MPa.

用語集 疲労限度

文型 The fracture surfaces were examined by {手法} to identify {目的}.

例文 The fracture surfaces were examined by SEM to identify the crack initiation sites.

使い分け・注意

破面観察は fractography です。き裂の発生 crack initiation、進展 crack propagation / growth です。

よくある誤り

誤 The fracture surfaces were observed by SEM in order to find crack origin.正 The fracture surfaces were examined by SEM to identify the crack initiation sites.

用語集 ストライエーション

文型 The fracture surface was covered with {特徴}, indicating {破壊}.

例文 The fracture surface was covered with equiaxed dimples, indicating ductile fracture by microvoid coalescence.

使い分け・注意

ディンプルは微小な空洞(ボイド)ができてつながる延性破壊の跡です。「〜を示す」は indicating / suggesting で、確かさに合わせて選びます。

よくある誤り

誤 The fracture surface was covered by dimples, it shows ductile fracture.正 The fracture surface was covered with dimples, indicating ductile fracture.

文型 Cleavage facets with river patterns were observed on the specimens tested at {温度}.

例文 Cleavage facets with river patterns were observed on the specimens tested at −60 °C.

使い分け・注意

へき開 cleavage は脆性破壊の典型的な破面で、川の流れのような段(river pattern)が見られます。

よくある誤り

誤 Cleavage facets with river pattern was observed.正 Cleavage facets with river patterns were observed.

用語集 破壊前降伏

文型 Fatigue striations were observed in the crack propagation region, and their spacing increased with {条件}.

例文 Fatigue striations were observed in the crack propagation region, and their spacing increased with crack length.

使い分け・注意

ストライエーションは1回の繰返しで1本できる縞で、間隔はおおよそ1回あたりのき裂の進み(da/dN)に当たります。

よくある誤り

誤 Fatigue striation was observed and its interval became wide with the crack length.正 Fatigue striations were observed, and their spacing increased with crack length.

用語集 ストライエーション パリス則

文型 The plane-strain fracture toughness was determined in accordance with {規格}.

例文 The plane-strain fracture toughness was determined in accordance with ASTM E399.

使い分け・注意

K_IC として有効であるためには、試験片の厚さなどの条件(規格の有効性の判定)を満たす必要があります。満たさないときは K_Q と書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 The fracture toughness K_IC was measured based on the ASTM E399.正 The fracture toughness was measured in accordance with ASTM E399.

用語集 破壊靭性 応力拡大係数

文型 Electrochemical measurements were performed in {溶液} at {温度}.

例文 Electrochemical measurements were performed in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution at 25 °C.

使い分け・注意

溶液は in です。濃度の % が質量分率か(wt%)、ほかの基準かを書きます。脱気したかどうか(deaerated / aerated)も条件として書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 Electrochemical measurement was carried out at 3.5% NaCl solution.正 Electrochemical measurements were carried out in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution.

用語集 標準電極電位

文型 A conventional three-electrode cell was used, with {参照電極} as the reference electrode and {対極} as the counter electrode.

例文 A conventional three-electrode cell was used, with a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference electrode and a platinum plate as the counter electrode.

使い分け・注意

参照電極 reference electrode、対極 counter electrode、試料は working electrode です。

よくある誤り

誤 Three electrodes cell was used with SCE as reference and Pt as opposite electrode.正 A three-electrode cell was used with an SCE as the reference electrode and Pt as the counter electrode.

文型 Before each measurement, the specimens were immersed for {時間} to stabilize the open-circuit potential.

例文 Before each measurement, the specimens were immersed for 30 min to stabilize the open-circuit potential.

使い分け・注意

自然電位は open-circuit potential(OCP)または corrosion potential です。

よくある誤り

誤 Before measurement, the specimens were immersed during 30 min for stabilizing the potential.正 Before each measurement, the specimens were immersed for 30 min to stabilize the potential.

文型 Potentiodynamic polarization curves were measured at a scan rate of {速度}.

例文 Potentiodynamic polarization curves were measured at a scan rate of 0.167 mV/s (0.6 V/h).

使い分け・注意

掃引速度は scan rate / sweep rate です。0.6 V/h は ASTM G5 の分極測定の標準の速さです。

よくある誤り

誤 Polarization curves were measured with sweep speed of 0.167mV/s.正 Polarization curves were measured at a scan rate of 0.167 mV/s.

文型 The pitting potential of the {試料} specimen was {電位} vs. SCE, which was higher than that of the {比較} specimen.

例文 The pitting potential of the 316L specimen was 0.45 V vs. SCE, which was higher than that of the 304 specimen.

使い分け・注意

電位は参照電極によって値が変わるので、必ず vs. SCE、vs. Ag/AgCl などを付けます。Mo を含む 316L は 304 より孔食に強いのが普通です。

よくある誤り

誤 The pitting potential of 316L was 0.45 V, which was higher than 304.正 The pitting potential of 316L was 0.45 V vs. SCE, which was higher than that of 304.

用語集 孔食 ステンレス鋼

文型 The corrosion current density was determined by Tafel extrapolation of {枝}.

例文 The corrosion current density was determined by Tafel extrapolation of the cathodic branch.

使い分け・注意

Tafel は人名なので大文字です。電流密度の単位は A/m² または µA/cm² で、どちらかにそろえます。

よくある誤り

誤 Corrosion current was determined by tafel extrapolation.正 The corrosion current density was determined by Tafel extrapolation.

用語集 ファラデーの法則

文型 Pits were preferentially initiated at {起点}.

例文 Pits were preferentially initiated at MnS inclusions.

使い分け・注意

孔食の現象は pitting (corrosion)、1つ1つの孔は pit(可算)です。ステンレス鋼では MnS などの介在物が孔食の起点になりやすいことが知られています。

よくある誤り

誤 Pitting corrosions were initiated at MnS.正 Pits were initiated at MnS inclusions.

用語集 孔食

文型 A stable passive region was observed between {下限} and {上限} vs. SCE.

例文 A stable passive region was observed between −0.2 V and 0.3 V vs. SCE.

使い分け・注意

「〜から〜の間」は between A and B です(between A–B とはしません)。

よくある誤り

誤 A passive region was observed between −0.2–0.3 V.正 A passive region was observed between −0.2 V and 0.3 V.

用語集 不動態

文型 The corrosion rate was calculated from the mass loss after immersion for {時間}.

例文 The corrosion rate was calculated from the mass loss after immersion for 720 h.

使い分け・注意

量としては「質量」なので mass loss が正確です(weight loss も慣用で使われます)。時間は h で、hr や hrs とはしません。

よくある誤り

誤 Corrosion rate was calculated from weight loss after 720hrs immersion.正 The corrosion rate was calculated from the mass loss after 720 h of immersion.

用語集 ファラデーの法則

文型 Stress corrosion cracking tests were conducted using U-bend specimens in {溶液}.

例文 Stress corrosion cracking tests were conducted using U-bend specimens in a boiling magnesium chloride solution.

使い分け・注意

沸騰 MgCl₂ 溶液は、オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼の塩化物応力腐食割れを短時間で調べる古典的な方法です(ASTM G36)。

よくある誤り

誤 SCC test was done by U-bend specimen in boiling MgCl2.正 SCC tests were conducted using U-bend specimens in boiling MgCl₂ solution.

用語集 応力腐食割れ

文型 Isothermal oxidation tests were carried out at {温度} in static air for up to {時間}.

例文 Isothermal oxidation tests were carried out at 1000 °C in static air for up to 100 h.

使い分け・注意

「最長〜まで」は for up to … です。くり返し加熱する試験は cyclic oxidation です。

よくある誤り

誤 Isothermal oxidation test was done at 1000 °C in air until maximum 100 hours.正 Isothermal oxidation tests were carried out at 1000 °C in air for up to 100 h.

用語集 酸化の放物線則

文型 The mass gain per unit area followed a parabolic rate law, indicating that {解釈}.

例文 The mass gain per unit area followed a parabolic rate law, indicating that the oxidation was controlled by diffusion through the oxide scale.

使い分け・注意

放物線則は (Δm/A)² = k_p t の形で、酸化皮膜の中の拡散が速さを決めるときに成り立ちます。

よくある誤り

誤 The weight gain obeyed the parabolic law, which means diffusion control.正 The mass gain followed a parabolic rate law, indicating diffusion control.

用語集 酸化の放物線則

文型 A continuous {酸化物1} scale formed on {合金1}, whereas {合金2} developed a thicker {酸化物2} scale.

例文 A continuous α-Al₂O₃ scale formed on the alumina-forming alloy, whereas the chromia-forming alloy developed a thicker Cr₂O₃ scale.

使い分け・注意

酸化皮膜は oxide scale(厚い皮膜)/ oxide film(薄い皮膜)です。α-Al₂O₃ は Cr₂O₃ より成長が遅く、高温でよく保護します。

よくある誤り

誤 Continuous Al2O3 scale was formed on the alloy.正 A continuous Al₂O₃ scale formed on the alloy.

用語集 ピリング・ベドワース比

文型 Spallation of the oxide scale occurred during {条件} because of {原因}.

例文 Spallation of the oxide scale occurred during cooling because of the thermal expansion mismatch between the oxide and the substrate.

使い分け・注意

酸化皮膜のはく離は spallation、熱膨張の差は thermal expansion mismatch です。

よくある誤り

誤 Exfoliation of oxide was occurred during cooling.正 Spallation of the oxide scale occurred during cooling.

用語集 熱応力 線膨張係数

文型 Creep tests were performed at {温度} under constant loads corresponding to initial stresses of {応力}.

例文 Creep tests were performed at 650 °C under constant loads corresponding to initial stresses of 150–250 MPa.

使い分け・注意

一定荷重(constant load)と一定応力(constant stress)の試験は別物です。一定荷重では、伸びるにつれて真応力が大きくなります。

よくある誤り

誤 Creep test was done at 650 °C with constant stress of 150 MPa by dead weight.正 Creep tests were performed at 650 °C under a constant load (initial stress: 150 MPa).

用語集 クリープ

文型 The minimum creep rate increased with applied stress, with a stress exponent of approximately {n}, suggesting {機構}.

例文 The minimum creep rate increased with applied stress, with a stress exponent of approximately 5, suggesting dislocation climb-controlled creep.

使い分け・注意

応力指数 n が 4〜5 程度なら転位の上昇運動が律速するべき乗則クリープ、1 に近ければ拡散クリープと考えるのが一般的です。

よくある誤り

誤 The minimum creep rate became larger with stress and n value was about 5.正 The minimum creep rate increased with stress, with a stress exponent of about 5.

用語集 べき乗則クリープ 変形機構図

文型 The rupture data were analyzed using the Larson–Miller parameter with C = {定数}.

例文 The rupture data were analyzed using the Larson–Miller parameter with C = 20.

使い分け・注意

ラーソン・ミラー・パラメータは T(C + log t_r) で、T は絶対温度(K)、t_r は時間(h)です。C の値と時間の単位を必ず書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 The rupture datas were arranged by LMP.正 The rupture data were analyzed using the Larson–Miller parameter.

用語集 ラーソン・ミラー・パラメータ クリープ

文型 Fig. {番号} shows {内容}.

例文 Fig. 3 shows the change in hardness with aging time at 190 °C.

使い分け・注意

図の説明は現在形です。番号の付いた図には the を付けません(the Fig. 3 とはしません)。Fig. と Figure のどちらを使うか、文頭で略さないかは雑誌の規定に従います。

よくある誤り

誤 The Fig.3 is shown the change in hardness.正 Fig. 3 shows the change in hardness.

用語集 析出硬化

文型 As shown in Fig. {番号}, {内容}.

例文 As shown in Fig. 4, the yield strength increased linearly with the inverse square root of the grain size.

使い分け・注意

As shown in Fig. 4, のあとに it can be seen that を重ねるのは冗長です。結晶粒径の −1/2 乗に比例するのがホール・ペッチの関係です。

よくある誤り

誤 As shown in Fig. 4, it can be seen that the yield strength increased.正 As shown in Fig. 4, the yield strength increased.

用語集 ホール・ペッチの関係

文型 Typical {内容} are presented in Fig. {番号}.

例文 Typical engineering stress–strain curves are presented in Fig. 5.

使い分け・注意

presented / shown / given のどれでも使えます。主語(curves)が複数なので are です。

よくある誤り

誤 Typical stress-strain curve are shown in Fig. 5.正 Typical stress–strain curves are shown in Fig. 5.

文型 Fig. {番号}(a) and (b) show {内容} of the specimens tested at {条件1} and {条件2}, respectively.

例文 Fig. 6(a) and (b) show SEM images of the fracture surfaces of the specimens tested at 20 °C and −60 °C, respectively.

使い分け・注意

図の中の (a)(b) の書き方(Fig. 6(a) and (b)、Figs. 6a and 6b など)は雑誌によって違います。2つ以上の図を指すので動詞は show(複数)です。

よくある誤り

誤 Fig. 6(a) and (b) shows SEM images at 20 °C and −60 °C.正 Fig. 6(a) and (b) show SEM images at 20 °C and −60 °C, respectively.

文型 Fig. {番号}. {内容} (a) as normalized and (b) as quenched.

例文 Fig. 2. Optical micrographs of the S45C steel (a) as normalized and (b) as quenched.

使い分け・注意

図の説明文(キャプション)は文ではなく名詞句で書くのが普通です。顕微鏡の写真は photograph ではなく micrograph です。

よくある誤り

誤 Fig. 2. Optical microscope photos of the S45C steel.正 Fig. 2. Optical micrographs of the S45C steel.

用語集 パーライト マルテンサイト

文型 Error bars represent the standard deviation of {回数} measurements.

例文 Error bars represent the standard deviation of five measurements.

使い分け・注意

エラーバーが標準偏差(SD)か標準誤差(SE)か、何回の測定かを書かないと、読み手は図を比べられません。

よくある誤り

誤 Error bars show the error.正 Error bars represent the standard deviation of five measurements.

文型 A linear relationship was found between {A} and {B} ({指標}).

例文 A linear relationship was found between the hardness and the tensile strength (R² = 0.98).

使い分け・注意

relationship between A and B の前置詞は between … and です。決定係数は R²(上付き)で書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 There was linear relation among hardness and tensile strength (R2=0.98).正 There was a linear relationship between hardness and tensile strength (R² = 0.98).

文型 The {量} is plotted as a function of {変数} in Fig. {番号}.

例文 The volume fraction of retained austenite is plotted as a function of the austenitizing temperature in Fig. 7.

使い分け・注意

「A を B に対してプロットする」は plot A against (versus) B、または A as a function of B です。

よくある誤り

誤 The retained austenite was plotted with the austenitizing temperature in Fig. 7.正 The retained austenite fraction is plotted against the austenitizing temperature in Fig. 7.

用語集 マルテンサイト

文型 The arrows in Fig. {番号} indicate {対象}.

例文 The arrows in Fig. 8 indicate the crack initiation sites.

使い分け・注意

図の中の矢印・記号は indicate / mark / point to で説明します。

よくある誤り

誤 Arrows in Fig. 8 mean crack initiation site.正 The arrows in Fig. 8 indicate the crack initiation sites.

文型 The inset shows {内容}.

例文 The inset shows the corresponding selected area electron diffraction pattern.

使い分け・注意

図の中の小さな図は inset です。制限視野電子回折は selected area electron diffraction(SAED)です。

よくある誤り

誤 The insert figure shows the diffraction pattern.正 The inset shows the diffraction pattern.

文型 Table {番号} lists {内容}.

例文 Table 3 lists the heat treatment conditions and the resulting hardness values.

使い分け・注意

表が主語なら lists / summarizes / gives を使い、現在形です。

よくある誤り

誤 In Table 3, heat treatment conditions are listed up.正 Table 3 lists the heat treatment conditions.

文型 The {量} showed a sharp drop between {温度1} and {温度2}.

例文 The impact energy showed a sharp drop between −40 °C and −20 °C.

使い分け・注意

急に下がる sharp drop / abrupt decrease、ゆるやかに gradual、横ばい plateau / level off です。

よくある誤り

誤 The impact energy dropped down suddenly at between −40 °C and −20 °C.正 The impact energy dropped sharply between −40 °C and −20 °C.

用語集 破壊前降伏

文型 The fatigue data show considerable scatter at stress amplitudes below {値}.

例文 The fatigue data show considerable scatter at stress amplitudes below 400 MPa.

使い分け・注意

データのばらつきの意味の scatter は不可算で使うのが普通です(considerable scatter、a large degree of scatter)。scatters と複数にはしません。data を複数扱いにするなら動詞は show です(単数扱いの雑誌もあります)。

よくある誤り

誤 The fatigue data show large scatters.正 The fatigue data show considerable scatter.

用語集 疲労限度 ワイブル係数

文型 Compared with {比較}, {主語} showed {結果}.

例文 Compared with the as-cast alloy, the extruded alloy showed a finer grain size and higher ductility.

使い分け・注意

Compared with … の比べる相手と、主節の主語をそろえます。主語が grain size だと「鋳造合金と粒径」を比べたことになります(懸垂分詞)。compared to も使われます。

よくある誤り

誤 Compared with the as-cast alloy, the grain size was finer.正 Compared with the as-cast alloy, the extruded alloy had a finer grain size.

用語集 押出し

文型 The {量} decreased slightly with increasing {条件}.

例文 The lattice parameter decreased slightly with increasing Cu content.

使い分け・注意

slightly(わずかに)は動詞のあとに置くと自然です。「やや」「少し」を a little で書くと話し言葉に近くなります。

よくある誤り

誤 The lattice parameter was slightly decreased with the Cu content increase.正 The lattice parameter decreased slightly with increasing Cu content.

用語集 固溶強化

文型 No clear correlation was found between {A} and {B} {範囲}.

例文 No clear correlation was found between the inclusion size and the fatigue life in this range.

使い分け・注意

correlation between A and B です。相関がないことも結果として書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 There was no clear correlation of inclusion size and fatigue life.正 There was no clear correlation between inclusion size and fatigue life.

用語集 疲労限度

文型 A schematic illustration of {対象} is shown in Fig. {番号}.

例文 A schematic illustration of the specimen geometry is shown in Fig. 1.

使い分け・注意

模式図は schematic illustration / schematic diagram です。schematic figure とも書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 The schematic of specimen is shown in the Fig. 1.正 A schematic of the specimen is shown in Fig. 1.

文型 The specimens were heated to {温度} and held for {時間}.

例文 The specimens were heated to 500 °C and held for 2 h.

使い分け・注意

SI 文書と NIST SP 811 では、数と単位記号の間に空白を入れます(°C も同じ)。例外は平面角の °・′・″ で、30° のように空白を入れません。% の前の空白は雑誌によって違います。

よくある誤り

誤 The specimens were heated to 500°C and held for 2h.正 The specimens were heated to 500 °C and held for 2 h.

文型 The test temperature was {温度}.

例文 The test temperature was 25 °C.

使い分け・注意

°C は度の記号(U+00B0)と C の2文字で書き、間に空白を入れません。1文字の ℃(U+2103)は東アジアの文字との互換のための文字なので、英文では °C にします。小文字の o や ° と C の間の空白は誤りです。ケルビンには ° を付けません(298 K)。

よくある誤り

誤 The test temperature was 25 ° C (298 °K).正 The test temperature was 25 °C (298 K).

文型 The porosity of the sintered body was {値}.

例文 The porosity of the sintered body was 3.2%.

使い分け・注意

SI 文書・ISO 80000 は数と % の間に空白を入れます(3.2 %)。英語のスタイルガイド(Chicago、APA)や多くの雑誌は空白なし(3.2%)です。投稿先の規定に合わせ、1つの論文の中ではそろえます。数のあとの percent は複数でも形が変わらない(3.2 percent)ので、percents とはしません。

よくある誤り

誤 The porosity was 3.2 percents.正 The porosity was 3.2%.

用語集 焼結

文型 The alloy contained {量1} Cu ({量2} Cu).

例文 The alloy contained 4 wt% Cu (1.7 at% Cu).

使い分け・注意

Al–4 wt% Cu は 1.7 at% Cu に当たり、基準で値が大きく違います。wt%・wt.%・mass% の書き方は雑誌で違います。SI 文書・NIST SP 811 は単位に情報を付けることを認めず「質量分率 4 %」のように書くよう求めますが、材料系の雑誌では wt% と at% が広く使われています。

よくある誤り

誤 The alloy contained 4% Cu.正 The alloy contained 4 wt% Cu.

文型 An {合金} alloy was used in this study.

例文 An Fe–18Cr–8Ni (wt%) alloy was used in this study.

使い分け・注意

元素の並びは en dash(–)でつなぎ、数は元素の前に置き、基準(wt%)をまとめて示します。ハイフン(-)でつなぐ雑誌もあります。冠詞は読みの音で決め、Fe(エフイー / アイアン)は母音で始まるので an です。

よくある誤り

誤 A Fe-18%Cr-8%Ni alloy was used.正 An Fe–18Cr–8Ni (wt%) alloy was used.

用語集 ステンレス鋼

文型 The aging temperature was varied from {下限} to {上限}.

例文 The aging temperature was varied from 150 °C to 250 °C.

使い分け・注意

NIST SP 811 は「150 °C to 250 °C」か「(150 to 250) °C」と書き、「150 to 250 °C」や「150 °C – 250 °C」を認めません。多くの雑誌は「150–250 °C」(en dash)も認めます。日本語の「〜」は英文では使いません。

よくある誤り

誤 The aging temperature was varied from 150~250 °C.正 The aging temperature was varied from 150 °C to 250 °C.

用語集 析出硬化

文型 The average grain size was {値}.

例文 The average grain size was (24 ± 3) µm.

使い分け・注意

NIST SP 811 は (24 ± 3) µm か 24 µm ± 3 µm と書きます。24 ± 3 µm と書く雑誌も多くあります。± の後ろが標準偏差か標準誤差かを書きます。

よくある誤り

誤 The average grain size was 24±3um.正 The average grain size was 24 ± 3 µm.

文型 The diffusion coefficient of {元素} in {母相} at {温度} is approximately {値}.

例文 The diffusion coefficient of Cu in Al at 500 °C is approximately 4.2 × 10⁻¹⁴ m²/s.

使い分け・注意

掛け算の記号は × で、文字の x は使いません。指数は上付き(10⁻¹⁴)にし、1.2E-14 のような計算機の書き方は本文では使いません。D = D₀ exp(−Q/RT) に D₀ = 6.5 × 10⁻⁵ m²/s、Q = 136 kJ/mol を入れると、500 °C で約 4.2 × 10⁻¹⁴ m²/s です。

よくある誤り

誤 The diffusion coefficient was 4.2x10-14 m2/s.正 The diffusion coefficient was 4.2 × 10⁻¹⁴ m²/s.

用語集 拡散係数 フィックの法則

文型 The measured density was {値}, which corresponds to {割合} of the theoretical density.

例文 The measured density was 3.92 g/cm³, which corresponds to 98.5% of the theoretical density.

使い分け・注意

計算機の桁をそのまま書かず、測定の精度に合う桁にそろえます。アルミナの理論密度 3.98 g/cm³ に対して 3.92 g/cm³ は 98.5% です。

よくある誤り

誤 The density was 3.9196482 g/cm3 (98.48% of the theoretical density).正 The density was 3.92 g/cm³ (98.5% of the theoretical density).

用語集 焼結

文型 {数} specimens were tested for each condition.

例文 Three specimens were tested for each condition.

使い分け・注意

文の頭の数は語で書くか、文を組み替えます(For each condition, 3 specimens were tested.)。単位の付いた数は数字で書きます(5 mm)。

よくある誤り

誤 3 specimens were tested for each condition.正 Three specimens were tested for each condition.

文型 The molar heat capacity of {物質} is about {値}.

例文 The molar heat capacity of copper is about 24.4 J/(mol·K).

使い分け・注意

J/mol/K のように / を重ねると、どこで割るかあいまいになります。J/(mol·K) か J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ と書き、1つの論文の中ではそろえます(NIST SP 811)。

よくある誤り

誤 The molar heat capacity is 24.4 J/mol/K.正 The molar heat capacity is 24.4 J/(mol·K).

用語集 デュロン・プティの法則

文型 The particles were {値} in diameter.

例文 The particles were 2–5 µm in diameter.

使い分け・注意

µ を u で代用しません。micron(ミクロン)は古い名前なので、本文は micrometer(µm)にします。範囲の en dash の前後に空白は入れません。

よくある誤り

誤 The particles were 2 - 5 um in diameter.正 The particles were 2–5 µm in diameter.

文型 The fracture toughness of the tempered steel was {値}.

例文 The fracture toughness of the tempered steel was 45 MPa√m.

使い分け・注意

平方根の単位は MPa√m か、MPa·m の右肩に 1/2 を上付きで書く形です(ワープロの上付きを使います)。MPa m1/2 のように上付きを忘れると、別の意味に読めます。

よくある誤り

誤 The fracture toughness was 45 MPa m1/2.正 The fracture toughness was 45 MPa√m.

用語集 破壊靭性 応力拡大係数

文型 The hardness of the case was {値1}, and that of the core was {値2}.

例文 The hardness of the case was 700 HV 1, and that of the core was 350 HV 1.

使い分け・注意

ビッカース硬さは ISO 6507 の「数値・HV・試験力」(700 HV 1)、ロックウェルは「数値・HRC」(58 HRC)の順に書きます。Hv、hv は誤りです。that of で比べる物(the hardness)をそろえます。

よくある誤り

誤 The case hardness was Hv700 and the core was 350Hv.正 The hardness of the case was 700 HV 1, and that of the core was 350 HV 1.

用語集 浸炭

文型 Specimens measuring {寸法} were used for {試験}.

例文 Specimens measuring 10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm were used for the Charpy impact tests.

使い分け・注意

NIST SP 811 は 10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm のように数ごとに単位を付け、10 × 10 × 55 mm を認めません(原稿点検のチェックリストの例: 35 cm × 48 cm)。多くの雑誌は 10 × 10 × 55 mm も使います。

よくある誤り

誤 Specimens of 10×10×55mm were used.正 Specimens measuring 10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm were used.

文型 The total exposure time was {時間}.

例文 The total exposure time was 1000 h.

使い分け・注意

hr、hrs、sec、mins は単位記号ではありません(NIST SP 811)。語で書くなら hours、minutes です。大きな数の区切りは、SI 文書では空白(10 000)で、英語の雑誌ではコンマ(10,000)も使われます。4桁の数は区切らないのが普通です。

よくある誤り

誤 The total exposure time was 1000hrs.正 The total exposure time was 1000 h.

用語集 クリープ

文型 The microstructure of {試料} was examined by {手法}.

例文 The microstructure of the weld metal was examined by optical microscopy.

使い分け・注意

microstructure は「組織というもの」の意味では不可算(Microstructure affects properties.)、1つの試料の組織は the microstructure、いくつかの試料のそれぞれの組織は the microstructures です。主語の中心(microstructure)に動詞を合わせます。

よくある誤り

誤 The microstructures of the weld metal was examined.正 The microstructure of the weld metal was examined.

文型 These data indicate that {内容}.

例文 These data indicate that the coarsening rate is controlled by volume diffusion.

使い分け・注意

data は datum の複数形で、論文では these data … indicate(複数)が無難です。単数扱い(this data shows)も広まっていますが、雑誌の規定を見てそろえます。datas とはしません。

よくある誤り

誤 This datas indicates that the coarsening is controlled by diffusion.正 These data indicate that the coarsening is controlled by diffusion.

用語集 オストワルド成長

文型 The hardness of the {試料1} was higher than that of the {試料2}.

例文 The hardness of the aged specimen was higher than that of the solution-treated specimen.

使い分け・注意

of で限定された名詞(the hardness of …)には the を付けます。than のあとに that of を入れて、硬さと硬さを比べます。

よくある誤り

誤 Hardness of aged specimen was higher than solution-treated specimen.正 The hardness of the aged specimen was higher than that of the solution-treated specimen.

用語集 析出硬化

文型 {A} showed the same tendency as {B}.

例文 The 316L specimens showed the same tendency as the 304 specimens.

使い分け・注意

same は the same の形で使います。「〜と同じ」は the same … as です(with ではありません)。

よくある誤り

誤 The 316L specimens showed same tendency with the 304 specimens.正 The 316L specimens showed the same tendency as the 304 specimens.

用語集 ステンレス鋼

文型 The specimen tempered at {温度} exhibited the highest {性質} among all conditions.

例文 The specimen tempered at 200 °C exhibited the highest hardness among all conditions.

使い分け・注意

名詞の前の最上級は the highest hardness です。The hardness was highest at 200 °C. のように補語として使うときは the を省けます。

よくある誤り

誤 The specimen tempered at 200 °C exhibited highest hardness.正 The specimen tempered at 200 °C exhibited the highest hardness.

用語集 焼戻し

文型 The number of {数えるもの} decreased with increasing {条件}.

例文 The number of cycles to failure decreased with increasing stress amplitude.

使い分け・注意

the number of … (数)は単数で受け、a number of …(いくつかの)は複数で受けます。

よくある誤り

誤 The number of cycles to failure were decreased.正 The number of cycles to failure decreased.

用語集 疲労限度

文型 A large {量} of {対象} was observed in {試料}.

例文 A large amount of retained austenite was observed in the high-carbon steel quenched from 1000 °C.

使い分け・注意

amount は不可算名詞(austenite、hydrogen)、number は可算名詞(precipitates、pits)に使います。高い温度から焼き入れた高炭素鋼では、Ms 点が下がって残留オーステナイトが多くなります。

よくある誤り

誤 A large amount of precipitates were observed.正 A large number of precipitates were observed.

用語集 マルテンサイト

文型 The hardness of the specimens aged at {温度} was higher than that of the naturally aged specimens.

例文 The hardness of the specimens aged at 190 °C was higher than that of the naturally aged specimens.

使い分け・注意

主語は hardness(単数)なので was です。直前の specimens(複数)に引きずられないようにします。

よくある誤り

誤 The hardness of the aged specimens were higher.正 The hardness of the aged specimens was higher.

用語集 析出硬化

文型 Oxide particles formed on {場所} at {温度} in {雰囲気}.

例文 Oxide particles formed on the surface at 800 °C in air.

使い分け・注意

温度 at 800 °C、雰囲気・溶液 in air / in NaCl solution、表面 on the surface、期間 for 2 h、圧力 under 50 MPa です。

よくある誤り

誤 Oxide particles formed in the surface in 800 °C.正 Oxide particles formed on the surface at 800 °C.

文型 After {時間} of aging, the hardness reached {到達}.

例文 After 10 h of aging, the hardness reached its maximum.

使い分け・注意

時間の長さは for(for 10 h)、そのあとは after、以内は within です。during は「〜の間に(何かが起こる)」で、during 10 h とはしません。 After aging for 10 h, the hardness … と書くと、「硬さが時効した」と読めてしまいます(分詞の主語をそろえる、を参照)。主語が試料でないときは After 10 h of aging, … とします。

よくある誤り

誤 During 10 h aging, the hardness reached maximum.正 After 10 h of aging, the hardness reached its maximum.

用語集 析出硬化

文型 The {量} depends strongly on {条件}.

例文 The diffusion coefficient depends strongly on temperature.

使い分け・注意

depend on、dependence on、dependent on の前置詞は on です。温度依存性は the temperature dependence of D です。

よくある誤り

誤 The diffusion coefficient depends of temperature strongly.正 The diffusion coefficient depends strongly on temperature.

用語集 拡散係数

文型 This study examined the effect of {原因} on {結果}.

例文 This study examined the effect of cooling rate on the microstructure of the weld metal.

使い分け・注意

影響を与える側が of、受ける側が on です。動詞なら affect(A affects B)、名詞なら effect です。

よくある誤り

誤 This study examined the effect of cooling rate to the microstructure.正 This study examined the effect of cooling rate on the microstructure.

用語集 溶接熱影響部

文型 The density of {A} is about {割合} that of {B}.

例文 The density of aluminum is about one-third that of steel.

使い分け・注意

密度は Al 2.70 g/cm³、鋼 7.87 g/cm³ で約 1/3 です。three times higher than は「3倍」か「4倍」かあいまいなので、three times as high as のように書くと誤解がありません。

よくある誤り

誤 The density of aluminum is about 1/3 of steel.正 The density of aluminum is about one-third that of steel.

文型 The {名詞}, which {説明}, {主節}.

例文 The γ′ precipitates, which are coherent with the matrix, provide high creep strength.

使い分け・注意

コンマで区切った which は、すでに特定したものの補足です。コンマなしの that は「〜であるもの」と限定します。the precipitates that are coherent と書くと、整合でない析出物もあることになります。

よくある誤り

誤 The γ′ precipitates which are coherent with the matrix provides high strength.正 The γ′ precipitates, which are coherent with the matrix, provide high strength.

用語集 Ni基超合金

文型 After being {処理}, the specimens were {次の処理}.

例文 After being polished, the specimens were etched with 3% nital.

使い分け・注意

After polishing, the microstructure was observed. と書くと、組織が研磨したことになります。分詞の意味上の主語(研磨されたもの)と主節の主語をそろえます。

よくある誤り

誤 After polishing, the microstructure was observed.正 After polishing, the specimens were examined by optical microscopy.

文型 It is difficult to {動作} because {理由}.

例文 It is difficult to measure the carbon content of small precipitates accurately by EDS because the X-ray signal also comes from the surrounding matrix.

使い分け・注意

Carbon content is difficult to measure.(能動の不定詞)とします。is difficult to be measured とはしません。

よくある誤り

誤 The carbon content is difficult to be measured.正 The carbon content is difficult to measure.

用語集 EDS(エネルギー分散型X線分光法)

文型 {材料} are widely used in {分野}.

例文 Aluminum alloys are widely used in the transportation industry.

使い分け・注意

種類の総称は無冠詞の複数(aluminum alloys)が自然です。the aluminum alloys は特定の合金を指します。無冠詞の単数 aluminum alloy is … は不自然です。

よくある誤り

誤 Aluminum alloy is widely used in transportation.正 Aluminum alloys are widely used in transportation.

文型 {物質} is used for {用途} because of its {性質}.

例文 Copper is used for electrical wiring because of its high electrical conductivity.

使い分け・注意

copper、steel、alumina などの物質名は無冠詞の単数です。鋼の種類を数えるときは two steels、high-strength steels のように複数にします。

よくある誤り

誤 A copper is used for wiring because of the high conductivity.正 Copper is used for wiring because of its high conductivity.

用語集 マティーセンの規則

文型 {総称} such as {例} improve {性質}.

例文 Alloying elements such as Cr, Mo, and Ni improve the hardenability of steels.

使い分け・注意

such as で例を挙げたら、etc. は重ねません。かっこの中なら (e.g., Cr, Mo, and Ni) とも書けます。

よくある誤り

誤 Alloying elements such as Cr, Mo, Ni, etc. improve the hardenability.正 Alloying elements such as Cr, Mo, and Ni improve the hardenability.

用語集 焼入れ性

文型 To {目的}, the specimens were heated in {雰囲気}.

例文 To prevent oxidation, the specimens were heated in a vacuum.

使い分け・注意

「〜するために」は To …(In order to …)です。For preventing … で文を始めると、目的の意味が弱くなります。

よくある誤り

誤 For prevent oxidation, the specimens were heated in vacuum.正 To prevent oxidation, the specimens were heated in a vacuum.

文型 This method enables {対象} to be {動作} quickly.

例文 This method enables the grain boundary character to be determined quickly.

使い分け・注意

enable to determine とは言いません。enable us to determine か enable the determination of と書きます。allow も同じです。

よくある誤り

誤 This method enables to determine the grain boundary character.正 This method enables us to determine the grain boundary character.

文型 Good morning, everyone. My name is {名前}, and I am from {所属}.

例文 Good morning, everyone. My name is Taro Yamada, and I am from the Department of Materials Science at ABC University.

使い分け・注意

名前は名・姓の順で言うか、姓を大文字で示します(Taro YAMADA)。名前と所属は例です。

よくある誤り

誤 Hello. I am Yamada Taro from ABC University materials science department.正 Hello. My name is Taro Yamada, and I am from the Department of Materials Science at ABC University.

文型 Today, I would like to talk about {題目}.

例文 Today, I would like to talk about the effect of Nb on austenite grain growth during carburizing.

使い分け・注意

talk about には about が要りますが、discuss は他動詞なので discuss about とはしません。

よくある誤り

誤 Today, I would like to discuss about the effect of Nb.正 Today, I would like to discuss the effect of Nb.

用語集 浸炭

文型 This is the outline of my presentation. First, I will explain {内容1}, and then I will show {内容2}.

例文 This is the outline of my presentation. First, I will explain the background, and then I will show our experimental results.

使い分け・注意

発表の流れは outline です。First, … Then, … Finally, … で順を示します。

よくある誤り

誤 This is the contents of today.正 This is the outline of my presentation.

文型 This slide shows {内容}.

例文 This slide shows the hardness change during aging at 190 °C.

使い分け・注意

口頭では Fig. ではなく this slide、this graph、the left figure などと言います。

よくある誤り

誤 In this slide, it shows the hardness change.正 This slide shows the hardness change.

用語集 析出硬化

文型 Please look at {場所}.

例文 Please look at the red curve in the upper graph.

使い分け・注意

聞き手の注意を図の一部に向ける言い方です。As you can see, … も使います。

よくある誤り

誤 Please see the red line of the upper graph.正 Please look at the red curve in the upper graph.

文型 The key point here is that {要点}.

例文 The key point here is that the Sc-containing alloy retained its peak hardness even after 100 h at 300 °C.

使い分け・注意

Al₃Sc の析出物は粗大化しにくく、Sc を含む Al 合金は高い温度でも軟らかくなりにくいことが知られています。

よくある誤り

誤 The important point is the alloy kept the hardness.正 The key point is that the alloy retained its hardness.

用語集 オストワルド成長 析出硬化

文型 To conclude, {結論}.

例文 To conclude, the addition of 0.05 wt% Nb effectively suppressed abnormal grain growth during carburizing.

使い分け・注意

発表の最後は To conclude, / In summary, で始め、要点を1〜3つに絞ります。

よくある誤り

誤 As a conclusion, Nb addition suppressed the grain growth.正 To conclude, the addition of Nb suppressed the grain growth.

用語集 浸炭

文型 Thank you for your attention. I would be happy to answer any questions.

例文 Thank you for your attention. I would be happy to answer any questions.

使い分け・注意

最後のあいさつです。Thank you for listening. も使えます。

よくある誤り

誤 Thank you for your kind attention to my poor presentation.正 Thank you for your attention.

文型 Thank you for your question. {続き}

例文 Thank you for your question. That is a very good point.

使い分け・注意

答える前のひと言で、考える時間もできます。

よくある誤り

誤 Thank you for your good question.正 Thank you for your question.

文型 I am sorry, but could you repeat the question {頼み方}?

例文 I am sorry, but could you repeat the question a little more slowly?

使い分け・注意

聞き取れなかったときは、分かったふりをせずに聞き返します。Could you rephrase the question? も使えます。

よくある誤り

誤 Pardon? Once more please.正 Sorry, could you repeat the question?

文型 If I understand correctly, you are asking about {内容}.

例文 If I understand correctly, you are asking about the reason for the low elongation of the as-cast specimen.

使い分け・注意

質問の内容を言い直して確かめると、的外れな答えを防げます。

よくある誤り

誤 Your question is about the elongation, right?正 If I understand correctly, you are asking about the elongation.

文型 We have not examined {内容} yet, but we plan to {予定}.

例文 We have not examined the hydrogen content yet, but we plan to measure it by thermal desorption analysis.

使い分け・注意

調べていないことは正直に言い、これからの予定を添えます。

よくある誤り

誤 We did not check it, sorry.正 We have not examined it yet, but we plan to measure it.

文型 That is beyond the scope of this study, but {補足}.

例文 That is beyond the scope of this study, but it is an interesting topic for future work.

使い分け・注意

beyond the scope of this study は、研究の範囲を超える質問に丁寧に答える言い方です。

よくある誤り

誤 That is out of my study.正 That is beyond the scope of this study.

文型 Since time is limited, could we discuss this {時}?

例文 Since time is limited, could we discuss this in more detail after the session?

使い分け・注意

長くなりそうな質問は、セッションのあとに話すことを提案します。

よくある誤り

誤 Time is not enough, so please come later.正 Since time is limited, could we discuss this after the session?

文型 Subject: Inquiry about {内容}

例文 Subject: Inquiry about TEM observation of Al–Cu alloy specimens

使い分け・注意

件名は文ではなく名詞句で、何の用件かが分かるように具体的に書きます。Question や Hello だけの件名は避けます。

よくある誤り

誤 Subject: Question正 Subject: Inquiry about TEM observation of Al–Cu alloy specimens

文型 Dear {宛名},

例文 Dear Dr. Smith,

使い分け・注意

Dear のあとは敬称と姓です(Dear Dr. Smith、Dear Prof. Smith)。名前が分からないときは Dear Sir or Madam、部署あてなら Dear Admissions Committee のようにします。Dear Smith や Dear Dr. John とはしません。

よくある誤り

誤 Dear Smith,正 Dear Dr. Smith,

文型 My name is {名前}, and I am a {学年} at {所属}.

例文 My name is Hanako Suzuki, and I am a second-year master's student at the Department of Materials Science, XYZ University.

使い分け・注意

修士課程の学生は master's student、博士課程は Ph.D. student / doctoral student です。名前と所属は例です。

よくある誤り

誤 I am Hanako Suzuki of master course 2nd grade.正 My name is Hanako Suzuki, and I am a second-year master's student.

文型 I read your recent paper on {題目} with great interest.

例文 I read your recent paper on hydrogen trapping in tempered martensite with great interest.

使い分け・注意

paper on … の前置詞は on です(about も可)。どの論文かが分かるように題名や雑誌名を添えます。

よくある誤り

誤 I read your paper about hydrogen with big interest.正 I read your paper on hydrogen trapping with great interest.

用語集 マルテンサイト

文型 I am writing to ask you about {内容}.

例文 I am writing to ask you about the electropolishing conditions you used for the TEM specimens.

使い分け・注意

I am writing to … はメールの用件を述べる決まった言い方です。I want to … は直接すぎるので、I would like to … にします。

よくある誤り

誤 I want to ask you a question for the electropolishing conditions.正 I would like to ask you about the electropolishing conditions.

文型 Would it be possible to {依頼}?

例文 Would it be possible to send us a small piece of the alloy for XRD analysis?

使い分け・注意

丁寧な依頼の言い方です。Could you …? も使えます。Please send … は命令に聞こえることがあります。

よくある誤り

誤 Please send us your alloy sample.正 Would it be possible to send us a small piece of your alloy?

文型 We would be very interested in collaborating with your group on {テーマ}.

例文 We would be very interested in collaborating with your group on the in situ observation of recrystallization.

使い分け・注意

collaborate with(相手)on(テーマ)です。in situ は「その場」の意味のラテン語で、斜体にする雑誌もあります。

よくある誤り

誤 We want to do collaboration research with your group about recrystallization.正 We would be interested in collaborating with your group on recrystallization.

用語集 再結晶

文型 Please find attached {添付}.

例文 Please find attached the draft of our manuscript for your comments.

使い分け・注意

Please find attached … は添付を知らせる決まった言い方です。I have attached … も使えます。添付し忘れに気をつけます。

よくある誤り

誤 I attach the file of draft in this mail.正 Please find attached the draft of our manuscript.

文型 Could you send me your comments by {期日}?

例文 Could you send me your comments by 14 November?

使い分け・注意

期日は by(〜までに)です。until は「〜までずっと」の意味です。日付の書き方は 14 November(イギリス式)と November 14(アメリカ式)があり、11/14 のような数字だけの書き方は国によって読み方が違うので避けます。

よくある誤り

誤 Could you send me your comments until 11/14?正 Could you send me your comments by 14 November?

文型 Thank you very much for {内容}.

例文 Thank you very much for your prompt reply and the detailed explanation.

使い分け・注意

Thank you for のあとは名詞か動名詞です(Thank you for replying)。

よくある誤り

誤 Thank you for your quick replying.正 Thank you for your prompt reply.